# Code for the first few disk sectors that all programs in this directory need: # - load sectors past the first (using BIOS primitives) since only the first is available by default # - if this fails, print 'D' at top-left of screen and halt # - initialize a minimal graphics mode # - switch to 32-bit mode (giving up access to BIOS primitives) # - set up a handler for keyboard events # - jump to start of program # Code in this file needs to be more deliberate about the SubX facilities it # uses: # - sigils only support 32-bit general-purpose registers, so don't work with segment registers or 16-bit or 8-bit registers # - metadata like rm32 and r32 can sometimes misleadingly refer to only the bottom 16 bits of the register; pay attention to the register name # # While most of Mu is thoroughly tested, this file is not. I don't yet # understand hardware interfaces well enough to explain to others. # Memory map of a Mu computer: # code: currently 4 tracks loaded from the primary disk to [0x00007c00, 0x00048600) # stack: grows down from 0x02000000 to 0x01000000 # heap: [0x02000000, 0x08000000) # see 120allocate.subx; Qemu initializes with 128MB RAM by default # Consult https://wiki.osdev.org/Memory_Map_(x86) before modifying any of # this. And don't forget to keep *stack-debug.subx in sync. == code ## 16-bit entry point: 0x7c00 # Upon reset, the IBM PC: # - loads the first sector (512 bytes) # from some bootable image (look for the boot-sector-marker further down this file) # to the address range [0x7c00, 0x7e00) # - starts executing code at address 0x7c00 fa/disable-interrupts # initialize segment registers b8/copy-to-ax 0/imm16 8e/->seg 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/ax 3/r32/ds 8e/->seg 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/ax 0/r32/es 8e/->seg 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/ax 4/r32/fs 8e/->seg 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/ax 5/r32/gs # Temporarily initialize stack to 0x00070000 in real mode. # We don't read or write the stack before we get to 32-bit mode, but BIOS # calls do. We need to move the stack in case BIOS initializes it to some # low address that we want to write code into. b8/copy-to-ax 0x7000/imm16 8e/->seg 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/ax 2/r32/ss bc/copy-to-esp 0/imm16 # undo the A20 hack: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A20_line # this is from https://github.com/mit-pdos/xv6-public/blob/master/bootasm.S { e4/read-port-into-al 0x64/imm8 a8/test-bits-in-al 0x02/imm8 # set zf if bit 1 (second-least significant) is not set 75/jump-if-!zero loop/disp8 b0/copy-to-al 0xd1/imm8 e6/write-al-into-port 0x64/imm8 } { e4/read-port-into-al 0x64/imm8 a8/test-bits-in-al 0x02/imm8 # set zf if bit 1 (second-least significant) is not set 75/jump-if-!zero loop/disp8 b0/copy-to-al 0xdf/imm8 e6/write-al-into-port 0x64/imm8 } # load remaining sectors from first two tracks of disk into addresses [0x7e00, 0x17800) b4/copy-to-ah 2/imm8/read-drive # dl comes conveniently initialized at boot time with the index of the device being booted b5/copy-to-ch 0/imm8/cylinder b6/copy-to-dh 0/imm8/head b1/copy-to-cl 2/imm8/sector # 1-based b0/copy-to-al 0x7d/imm8/num-sectors # 2*63 - 1 = 125 # address to write sectors to = es:bx = 0x7e00, contiguous with boot segment bb/copy-to-bx 0/imm16 8e/->seg 3/mod/direct 3/rm32/bx 0/r32/es bb/copy-to-bx 0x7e00/imm16 cd/syscall 0x13/imm8/bios-disk-services 0f 82/jump-if-carry disk_error/disp16 # load two more tracks of disk into addresses [0x17800, 0x27400) b4/copy-to-ah 2/imm8/read-drive # dl comes conveniently initialized at boot time with the index of the device being booted b5/copy-to-ch 0/imm8/cylinder b6/copy-to-dh 2/imm8/head b1/copy-to-cl 1/imm8/sector # 1-based b0/copy-to-al 0x7e/imm8/num-sectors # 2*63 = 126 # address to write sectors to = es:bx = 0x17800, contiguous with boot segment bb/copy-to-bx 0x1780/imm16 8e/->seg 3/mod/direct 3/rm32/bx 0/r32/es bb/copy-to-bx 0/imm16 cd/syscall 0x13/imm8/bios-disk-services 0f 82/jump-if-carry disk_error/disp16 # load two more tracks of disk into addresses [0x27400, 0x37000) b4/copy-to-ah 2/imm8/read-drive # dl comes conveniently initialized at boot time with the index of the device being booted b5/copy-to-ch 0/imm8/cylinder b6/copy-to-dh 4/imm8/head b1/copy-to-cl 1/imm8/sector # 1-based b0/copy-to-al 0x7e/imm8/num-sectors # 2*63 = 126 # address to write sectors to = es:bx = 0x27400, contiguous with boot segment bb/copy-to-bx 0x2740/imm16 8e/->seg 3/mod/direct 3/rm32/bx 0/r32/es bb/copy-to-bx 0/imm16 cd/syscall 0x13/imm8/bios-disk-services 0f 82/jump-if-carry disk_error/disp16 # load two more tracks of disk into addresses [0x37000, 0x46c00) b4/copy-to-ah 2/imm8/read-drive # dl comes conveniently initialized at boot time with the index of the device being booted b5/copy-to-ch 0/imm8/cylinder b6/copy-to-dh 6/imm8/head b1/copy-to-cl 1/imm8/sector # 1-based b0/copy-to-al 0x7e/imm8/num-sectors # 2*63 = 126 # address to write sectors to = es:bx = 0x37000, contiguous with boot segment bb/copy-to-bx 0x3700/imm16 8e/->seg 3/mod/direct 3/rm32/bx 0/r32/es bb/copy-to-bx 0/imm16 cd/syscall 0x13/imm8/bios-disk-services 0f 82/jump-if-carry disk_error/disp16 # reset es bb/copy-to-bx 0/imm16 8e/->seg 3/mod/direct 3/rm32/bx 0/r32/es # adjust video mode b4/copy-to-ah 0x4f/imm8 # VBE commands b0/copy-to-al 2/imm8 # set video mode bb/copy-to-bx 0x4105/imm16 # 0x0105 | 0x4000 # 0x0105 = graphics mode 1024x768x256 # (alternative candidate: 0x0101 for 640x480x256) # 0x4000 bit = configure linear frame buffer in Bochs emulator; hopefully this doesn't hurt anything when running natively cd/syscall 0x10/imm8/bios-video-services # load information for the (hopefully) current video mode # mostly just for the address to the linear frame buffer b4/copy-to-ah 0x4f/imm8 # VBE commands b0/copy-to-al 1/imm8 # get video mode info b9/copy-to-cx 0x0105/imm16 # mode we requested bf/copy-to-di Video-mode-info/imm16 cd/syscall 0x10/imm8/bios-video-services ## switch to 32-bit mode # load global descriptor table # We can't refer to the label directly because SubX doesn't do the right # thing for lgdt, so rather than make errors worse in most places we instead # pin gdt_descriptor below. 0f 01 2/subop/lgdt 0/mod/indirect 6/rm32/use-disp16 0x7ce0/disp16/gdt_descriptor # enable paging 0f 20/<-cr 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/eax 0/r32/cr0 66 83 1/subop/or 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/eax 1/imm8 # eax <- or 0x1 0f 22/->cr 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/eax 0/r32/cr0 # far jump to initialize_32bit_mode that sets cs to offset 8 in the gdt in the process # We can't refer to the label directly because SubX doesn't have syntax for # segment selectors. So we instead pin initialize_32bit_mode below. ea/jump-far-absolute 0x00087d00/disp32 # address 0x7d00 in offset 8 of the gdt disk_error: # print 'D' to top-left of screen to indicate disk error # *0xb8000 <- 0x0f44 bb/copy-to-bx 0xb800/imm16 8e/->seg 3/mod/direct 3/rm32/bx 3/r32/ds b0/copy-to-al 0x44/imm8/D b4/copy-to-ah 0x0f/imm8/white-on-black bb/copy-to-bx 0/imm16 89/<- 0/mod/indirect 7/rm32/bx 0/r32/ax # *ds:bx <- ax # loop forever { eb/jump loop/disp8 } ## GDT: 3 records of 8 bytes each == data 0x7ce0 gdt_descriptor: 0x17/imm16 # final index of gdt = size of gdt - 1 gdt_start/imm32/start gdt_start: # offset 0: gdt_null: mandatory null descriptor 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # offset 8: gdt_code ff ff # limit[0:16] 00 00 00 # base[0:24] 9a # 1/present 00/privilege 1/descriptor type = 1001b # 1/code 0/conforming 1/readable 0/accessed = 1010b cf # 1/granularity 1/32-bit 0/64-bit-segment 0/AVL = 1100b # limit[16:20] = 1111b 00 # base[24:32] # offset 16: gdt_data ff ff # limit[0:16] 00 00 00 # base[0:24] 92 # 1/present 00/privilege 1/descriptor type = 1001b # 0/data 0/conforming 1/readable 0/accessed = 0010b cf # same as gdt_code 00 # base[24:32] # gdt_end: ## 32-bit code from this point == code 0x7d00 initialize_32bit_mode: 66 b8/copy-to-ax 0x10/imm16 # offset 16 from gdt_start 8e/->seg 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/ax 3/r32/ds 8e/->seg 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/ax 2/r32/ss 8e/->seg 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/ax 0/r32/es 8e/->seg 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/ax 4/r32/fs 8e/->seg 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/ax 5/r32/gs bc/copy-to-esp 0x02000000/imm32 ## load interrupt handlers # We can't refer to the label directly because SubX doesn't do the right # thing for lidt, so rather than make errors worse in most places we instead # pin idt_descriptor below. 0f 01 3/subop/lidt 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/use-disp32 0x7e00/disp32/idt_descriptor # For now, not bothering reprogramming the IRQ to not conflict with software # exceptions. # https://wiki.osdev.org/index.php?title=8259_PIC&oldid=24650#Protected_Mode # # Interrupt 1 (keyboard) conflicts with debugger faults. We don't use a # debugger. # Reference: # https://wiki.osdev.org/Exceptions # enable timer IRQ0 and keyboard IRQ1 b0/copy-to-al 0xfc/imm8 # disable mask for IRQ0 and IRQ1 e6/write-al-into-port 0x21/imm8 fb/enable-interrupts (initialize-mouse) ## enable floating point db/floating-point-coprocessor e3/initialize # eax <- cr4 0f 20/<-cr 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/eax 4/r32/cr4 # eax <- or bit 9 0f ba/bit-test 5/subop/bit-test-and-set 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/eax 9/imm8 # cr4 <- eax 0f 22/->cr 3/mod/direct 0/rm32/eax 4/r32/cr4 e9/jump Entry/disp32 == boot-sector-marker 0x7dfe # final 2 bytes of boot sector 55 aa ## sector 2 onwards loaded by load_disk, not automatically on boot == data 0x7e00 idt_descriptor: ff 03 # final index of idt = size of idt - 1 idt_start/imm32/start # interrupt descriptor table {{{ # 32 entries of 8 bytes each idt_start: # entry 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # By default, BIOS maps IRQ0-7 to interrupt vectors 8-15. # https://wiki.osdev.org/index.php?title=Interrupts&oldid=25102#Default_PC_Interrupt_Vector_Assignment # entry 8: https://wiki.osdev.org/Programmable_Interval_Timer timer-interrupt-handler/imm16 # target[0:16] 8/imm16 # segment selector (gdt_code) 00 # unused 8e # 1/p 00/dpl 0 1110/type/32-bit-interrupt-gate 0/imm16 # target[16:32] -- null-interrupt-handler must be within address 0x10000 # entry 9: keyboard keyboard-interrupt-handler/imm16 # target[0:16] 8/imm16 # segment selector (gdt_code) 00 # unused 8e # 1/p 00/dpl 0 1110/type/32-bit-interrupt-gate 0/imm16 # target[16:32] -- keyboard-interrupt-handler must be within address 0x10000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # idt_end: # }}} == code null-interrupt-handler: # prologue # Don't disable interrupts; the timer has the highest priority anyway, # and this interrupt triggers extremely frequently. fa/disable-interrupts 60/push-all-registers 9c/push-flags # acknowledge interrupt b0/copy-to-al 0x20/imm8 e6/write-al-into-port 0x20/imm8 31/xor %eax 0/r32/eax $null-interrupt-handler:epilogue: # epilogue 9d/pop-flags 61/pop-all-registers fb/enable-interrupts cf/return-from-interrupt timer-interrupt-handler: # prologue # Don't disable interrupts; the timer has the highest priority anyway, # and this interrupt triggers extremely frequently. fa/disable-interrupts 60/push-all-registers 9c/push-flags # acknowledge interrupt b0/copy-to-al 0x20/imm8 e6/write-al-into-port 0x20/imm8 31/xor %eax 0/r32/eax $timer-interrupt-handler:epilogue: # epilogue 9d/pop-flags 61/pop-all-registers fb/enable-interrupts cf/return-from-interrupt keyboard-interrupt-handler: # prologue fa/disable-interrupts 60/push-all-registers 9c/push-flags # acknowledge interrupt b0/copy-to-al 0x20/imm8 e6/write-al-into-port 0x20/imm8 31/xor %eax 0/r32/eax # check output buffer of 8042 keyboard controller (https://web.archive.org/web/20040604041507/http://panda.cs.ndsu.nodak.edu/~achapwes/PICmicro/keyboard/atkeyboard.html) e4/read-port-into-al 0x64/imm8 a8/test-bits-in-al 0x01/imm8 # set zf if bit 0 (least significant) is not set 0f 84/jump-if-not-set $keyboard-interrupt-handler:epilogue/disp32 # - if keyboard buffer is full, return # var dest-addr/ecx: (addr byte) = (keyboard-buffer + *keyboard-buffer:write) 31/xor %ecx 1/r32/ecx 8a/byte-> *Keyboard-buffer:write 1/r32/cl 81 0/subop/add %ecx Keyboard-buffer:data/imm32 # al = *dest-addr 8a/byte-> *ecx 0/r32/al # if (al != 0) return 3c/compare-al-and 0/imm8 0f 85/jump-if-!= $keyboard-interrupt-handler:epilogue/disp32 # - read keycode e4/read-port-into-al 0x60/imm8 # - key released # if (al == 0xaa) shift = false # left shift is being lifted { 3c/compare-al-and 0xaa/imm8 75/jump-if-!= break/disp8 # *shift = 0 c7 0/subop/copy *Keyboard-shift-pressed? 0/imm32 } # if (al == 0xb6) shift = false # right shift is being lifted { 3c/compare-al-and 0xb6/imm8 75/jump-if-!= break/disp8 # *shift = 0 c7 0/subop/copy *Keyboard-shift-pressed? 0/imm32 } # if (al == 0x9d) ctrl = false # ctrl is being lifted { 3c/compare-al-and 0x9d/imm8 75/jump-if-!= break/disp8 # *ctrl = 0 c7 0/subop/copy *Keyboard-ctrl-pressed? 0/imm32 } # if (al & 0x80) a key is being lifted; return 50/push-eax 24/and-al-with 0x80/imm8 3c/compare-al-and 0/imm8 58/pop-to-eax 75/jump-if-!= $keyboard-interrupt-handler:epilogue/disp8 # - key pressed # if (al == 0x2a) shift = true, return # left shift pressed { 3c/compare-al-and 0x2a/imm8 75/jump-if-!= break/disp8 # *shift = 1 c7 0/subop/copy *Keyboard-shift-pressed? 1/imm32 # return eb/jump $keyboard-interrupt-handler:epilogue/disp8 } # if (al == 0x36) shift = true, return # right shift pressed { 3c/compare-al-and 0x36/imm8 75/jump-if-!= break/disp8 # *shift = 1 c7 0/subop/copy *Keyboard-shift-pressed? 1/imm32 # return eb/jump $keyboard-interrupt-handler:epilogue/disp8 } # if (al == 0x1d) ctrl = true, return { 3c/compare-al-and 0x1d/imm8 75/jump-if-!= break/disp8 # *ctrl = 1 c7 0/subop/copy *Keyboard-ctrl-pressed? 1/imm32 # return eb/jump $keyboard-interrupt-handler:epilogue/disp8 } # - convert key to character # if (shift) use keyboard shift map { 81 7/subop/compare *Keyboard-shift-pressed? 0/imm32 74/jump-if-= break/disp8 # sigils don't currently support labels inside *(eax+label) 05/add-to-eax Keyboard-shift-map/imm32 8a/byte-> *eax 0/r32/al eb/jump $keyboard-interrupt-handler:select-map-done/disp8 } # if (ctrl) al = *(ctrl map + al) { 81 7/subop/compare *Keyboard-ctrl-pressed? 0/imm32 74/jump-if-= break/disp8 05/add-to-eax Keyboard-ctrl-map/imm32 8a/byte-> *eax 0/r32/al eb/jump $keyboard-interrupt-handler:select-map-done/disp8 } # otherwise al = *(normal map + al) 05/add-to-eax Keyboard-normal-map/imm32 8a/byte-> *eax 0/r32/al $keyboard-interrupt-handler:select-map-done: # - if there's no character mapping, return { 3c/compare-al-and 0/imm8 74/jump-if-= break/disp8 # - store al in keyboard buffer 88/<- *ecx 0/r32/al # increment index fe/increment-byte *Keyboard-buffer:write # clear top nibble of index (keyboard buffer is circular) 80 4/subop/and-byte *Keyboard-buffer:write 0x0f/imm8 } $keyboard-interrupt-handler:epilogue: # epilogue 9d/pop-flags 61/pop-all-registers fb/enable-interrupts cf/return-from-interrupt == data Keyboard-shift-pressed?: # boolean 0/imm32 Keyboard-ctrl-pressed?: # boolean 0/imm32 # var keyboard circular buffer Keyboard-buffer:write: # nibble 0/imm32 Keyboard-buffer:read: # nibble 0/imm32 Keyboard-buffer:data: # byte[16] 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # Keyboard maps for translating keys to ASCII {{{ Keyboard-normal-map: 00 # es 1b # |<--- digits -------------->| - = backspace 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 30 2d 3d 08 # 0f # tab q w e r t y u i o p [ ] 09 71 77 65 72 74 79 75 69 6f 70 5b 5d # 1c # enter (newline) 0a 00 # 1e # a s d f g h j k l ; ' ` \ 61 73 64 66 67 68 6a 6b 6c 3b 27 60 00 5c # ^ left shift # 2c # z x c v b n m , . / * 7a 78 63 76 62 6e 6d 2c 2e 2f 00 2a # ^ right shift # 38 # space 00 20 # 3a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # 48 # ↑* ←* →* ↓* 82 00 00 80 00 83 00 00 81 # 51 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # * - Not a valid ASCII/Unicode value. Keyboard-shift-map: 00 # es 1b # ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + backspace 21 40 23 24 25 53 26 2a 28 29 5f 2b 08 # 0f # tab Q W E R T Y U I O P { } 09 51 57 45 52 54 59 55 49 5f 50 7b 7d # 1c # enter (newline) 0a 00 # 1e # A S D F G H J K L : " ~ | 41 53 44 46 47 48 4a 4b 4c 3a 22 7e 00 7c # 2c # Z X C V B N M < > ? * 5a 58 43 56 42 4e 4d 3c 3e 3f 00 2a # 38 # space 00 20 # 3a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # 48 # ↑* ←* →* ↓* 82 00 00 80 00 83 00 00 81 # 51 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # * - Not a valid ASCII/Unicode value. Keyboard-ctrl-map: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # 10 # ^q ^w ^e ^r ^t ^y ^u tb ^o ^p 11 17 05 12 14 19 15 09 1f 10 00 00 # 1c # carriage-return 0d 00 # 1e # ^a ^s ^d ^f ^g ^h ^j ^j ^l ^\ 01 13 04 06 07 08 0a 0b 0c 00 00 00 00 1c # 2c # ^z ^x ^c ^v ^b ^n ^m ^/ 1a 18 03 16 02 0e 0d 00 00 1f 00 00 # 38 # space 00 20 # 3a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # 48 # ↑* ←* →* ↓* 82 00 00 80 00 83 00 00 81 # 51 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # * - Not a valid ASCII/Unicode value. # }}} Video-mode-info: # video mode info {{{ 0/imm16 # attributes 00 # winA 00 # winB # 04 0/imm16 # granularity 0/imm16 # winsize # 08 0/imm16 # segmentA 0/imm16 # segmentB # 0c 0/imm32 # realFctPtr (who knows) # 10 0/imm16 # pitch 0/imm16 # Xres 0/imm16 # Yres 0/imm16 # Wchar Ychar # 18 00 # planes 00 # bpp 00 # banks 00 # memory_model # 1c 00 # bank_size 00 # image_pages 00 # reserved # 1f 0/imm16 # red_mask red_position 0/imm16 # green_mask green_position 0/imm16 # blue_mask blue_position 0/imm16 # rsv_mask rsv_position 00 # directcolor_attributes # 28 Video-memory-addr: 0/imm32 # physbase # 2c # reserved for video mode info 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # }}} Font: # Bitmaps for some ASCII characters (soon Unicode) {{{ # Part of GNU Unifont # 8px wide, 16px tall # Based on http://unifoundry.com/pub/unifont/unifont-13.0.05/font-builds/unifont-13.0.05.hex.gz # See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Unifont#The_.hex_font_format # Website: http://unifoundry.com/unifont/index.html # License: http://unifoundry.com/LICENSE.txt (GPL v2) # Each line below is a bitmap for a single character. # Each byte is a bitmap for a single row of 8 pixels. # some unprintable ASCII chars 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # 0x20 = space 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # ! 00 00 00 00 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 00 08 08 00 00 # " 00 00 22 22 22 22 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # 0x23 = '#' 00 00 00 00 12 12 12 7e 24 24 7e 48 48 48 00 00 # $ 00 00 00 00 08 3e 49 48 38 0e 09 49 3e 08 00 00 # % 00 00 00 00 31 4a 4a 34 08 08 16 29 29 46 00 00 # & 00 00 00 00 1c 22 22 14 18 29 45 42 46 39 00 00 # ' 00 00 08 08 08 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # ( 00 00 00 04 08 08 10 10 10 10 10 10 08 08 04 00 # ) 00 00 00 20 10 10 08 08 08 08 08 08 10 10 20 00 # * 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 49 2a 1c 2a 49 08 00 00 00 # + 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 08 08 7f 08 08 08 00 00 00 # , 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 18 08 08 10 # - 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3c 00 00 00 00 00 00 # . 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 18 18 00 00 # / 00 00 00 00 02 02 04 08 08 10 10 20 40 40 00 00 # 0x30 = '0' 00 00 00 00 18 24 42 46 4a 52 62 42 24 18 00 00 # 1 00 00 00 00 08 18 28 08 08 08 08 08 08 3e 00 00 # 2 00 00 00 00 3c 42 42 02 0c 10 20 40 40 7e 00 00 # 3 00 00 00 00 3c 42 42 02 1c 02 02 42 42 3c 00 00 # 4 00 00 00 00 04 0c 14 24 44 44 7e 04 04 04 00 00 # 5 00 00 00 00 7e 40 40 40 7c 02 02 02 42 3c 00 00 # 6 00 00 00 00 1c 20 40 40 7c 42 42 42 42 3c 00 00 # 7 00 00 00 00 7e 02 02 04 04 04 08 08 08 08 00 00 # 8 00 00 00 00 3c 42 42 42 3c 42 42 42 42 3c 00 00 # 9 00 00 00 00 3c 42 42 42 3e 02 02 02 04 38 00 00 # : 00 00 00 00 00 00 18 18 00 00 00 18 18 00 00 00 # ; 00 00 00 00 00 00 18 18 00 00 00 18 08 08 10 00 # < 00 00 00 00 00 02 04 08 10 20 10 08 04 02 00 00 # = 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 7e 00 00 00 7e 00 00 00 00 # > 00 00 00 00 00 40 20 10 08 04 08 10 20 40 00 00 # ? 00 00 00 00 3c 42 42 02 04 08 08 00 08 08 00 00 # 0x40 = @ 00 00 00 00 1c 22 4a 56 52 52 52 4e 20 1e 00 00 # A 00 00 00 00 18 24 24 42 42 7e 42 42 42 42 00 00 # B 00 00 00 00 7c 42 42 42 7c 42 42 42 42 7c 00 00 # C 00 00 00 00 3c 42 42 40 40 40 40 42 42 3c 00 00 # D 00 00 00 00 78 44 42 42 42 42 42 42 44 78 00 00 # E 00 00 00 00 7e 40 40 40 7c 40 40 40 40 7e 00 00 # F 00 00 00 00 7e 40 40 40 7c 40 40 40 40 40 00 00 # G 00 00 00 00 3c 42 42 40 40 4e 42 42 46 3a 00 00 # H 00 00 00 00 42 42 42 42 7e 42 42 42 42 42 00 00 # I 00 00 00 00 3e 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 3e 00 00 # J 00 00 00 00 1f 04 04 04 04 04 04 44 44 38 00 00 # K 00 00 00 00 42 44 48 50 60 60 50 48 44 42 00 00 # L 00 00 00 00 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 7e 00 00 # M 00 00 00 00 42 42 66 66 5a 5a 42 42 42 42 00 00 # N 00 00 00 00 42 62 62 52 52 4a 4a 46 46 42 00 00 # O 00 00 00 00 3c 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 3c 00 00 # 0x50 = P 00 00 00 00 7c 42 42 42 7c 40 40 40 40 40 00 00 # Q 00 00 00 00 3c 42 42 42 42 42 42 5a 66 3c 03 00 # R 00 00 00 00 7c 42 42 42 7c 48 44 44 42 42 00 00 # S 00 00 00 00 3c 42 42 40 30 0c 02 42 42 3c 00 00 # T 00 00 00 00 7f 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 00 00 # U 00 00 00 00 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 3c 00 00 # V 00 00 00 00 41 41 41 22 22 22 14 14 08 08 00 00 # W 00 00 00 00 42 42 42 42 5a 5a 66 66 42 42 00 00 # X 00 00 00 00 42 42 24 24 18 18 24 24 42 42 00 00 # Y 00 00 00 00 41 41 22 22 14 08 08 08 08 08 00 00 # Z 00 00 00 00 7e 02 02 04 08 10 20 40 40 7e 00 00 # [ 00 00 00 0e 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 0e 00 # \ 00 00 00 00 40 40 20 10 10 08 08 04 02 02 00 00 # ] 00 00 00 70 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 70 00 # ^ 00 00 18 24 42 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # _ 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 7f 00 # 0x60 = backtick 00 20 10 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # a 00 00 00 00 00 00 3c 42 02 3e 42 42 46 3a 00 00 # b 00 00 00 40 40 40 5c 62 42 42 42 42 62 5c 00 00 # c 00 00 00 00 00 00 3c 42 40 40 40 40 42 3c 00 00 # d 00 00 00 02 02 02 3a 46 42 42 42 42 46 3a 00 00 # e 00 00 00 00 00 00 3c 42 42 7e 40 40 42 3c 00 00 # f 00 00 00 0c 10 10 10 7c 10 10 10 10 10 10 00 00 # g 00 00 00 00 00 02 3a 44 44 44 38 20 3c 42 42 3c # h 00 00 00 40 40 40 5c 62 42 42 42 42 42 42 00 00 # i 00 00 00 08 08 00 18 08 08 08 08 08 08 3e 00 00 # j 00 00 00 04 04 00 0c 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 48 30 # k 00 00 00 40 40 40 44 48 50 60 50 48 44 42 00 00 # l 00 00 00 18 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 3e 00 00 # m 00 00 00 00 00 00 76 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 00 00 # n 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 62 42 42 42 42 42 42 00 00 # o 00 00 00 00 00 00 3c 42 42 42 42 42 42 3c 00 00 # 0x70 = p 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 62 42 42 42 42 62 5c 40 40 # q 00 00 00 00 00 00 3a 46 42 42 42 42 46 3a 02 02 # r 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 62 42 40 40 40 40 40 00 00 # s 00 00 00 00 00 00 3c 42 40 30 0c 02 42 3c 00 00 # t 00 00 00 00 10 10 10 7c 10 10 10 10 10 0c 00 00 # u 00 00 00 00 00 00 42 42 42 42 42 42 46 3a 00 00 # v 00 00 00 00 00 00 42 42 42 24 24 24 18 18 00 00 # w 00 00 00 00 00 00 41 49 49 49 49 49 49 36 00 00 # x 00 00 00 00 00 00 42 42 24 18 18 24 42 42 00 00 # y 00 00 00 00 00 00 42 42 42 42 42 26 1a 02 02 3c # z 00 00 00 00 00 00 7e 02 04 08 10 20 40 7e 00 00 # { 00 00 00 0c 10 10 08 08 10 20 10 08 08 10 10 0c # | 00 00 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 # } 00 00 00 30 08 08 10 10 08 04 08 10 10 08 08 30 # ~ 00 00 00 31 49 46 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # 0x7f = del (unused) 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 # }}} ## Controlling IDE (ATA) hard disks # 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