1 //: The goal of layers is to make programs more easy to understand and more
  2 //: malleable, easy to rewrite in radical ways without accidentally breaking
  3 //: some corner case. Tests further both goals. They help understandability by
  4 //: letting one make small changes and get feedback. What if I wrote this line
  5 //: like so? What if I removed this function call, is it really necessary?
  6 //: Just try it, see if the tests pass. Want to explore rewriting this bit in
  7 //: this way? Tests put many refactorings on a firmer footing.
  8 //:
  9 //: But the usual way we write tests seems incomplete. Refactorings tend to
 10 //: work in the small, but don't help with changes to function boundaries. If
 11 //: you want to extract a new function you have to manually test-drive it to
 12 //: create tests for it. If you want to inline a function its tests are no
 13 //: longer valid. In both cases you end up having to reorganize code as well as
 14 //: tests, an error-prone activity.
 15 //:
 16 //: In response, this layer introduces the notion of *domain-driven* testing.
 17 //: We focus on the domain of inputs the whole program needs to handle rather
 18 //: than the correctness of individual functions. All tests invoke the program
 19 //: in a single way: by calling run() with some input. As the program operates
 20 //: on the input, it traces out a list of _facts_ deduced about the domain:
 21 //:   trace("label") << "fact 1: " << val;
 22 //:
 23 //: Tests can now check these facts:
 24 //:   :(scenario foo)
 25 //:   34  # call run() with this input
 26 //:   +label: fact 1: 34  # 'run' should have deduced this fact
 27 //:   -label: fact 1: 35  # the trace should not contain such a fact
 28 //:
 29 //: Since we never call anything but the run() function directly, we never have
 30 //: to rewrite the tests when we reorganize the internals of the program. We
 31 //: just have to make sure our rewrite deduces the same facts about the domain,
 32 //: and that's something we're going to have to do anyway.
 33 //:
 34 //: To avoid the combinatorial explosion of integration tests, each layer
 35 //: mainly logs facts to the trace with a common *label*. All tests in a layer
 36 //: tend to check facts with this label. Validating the facts logged with a
 37 //: specific label is like calling functions of that layer directly.
 38 //:
 39 //: To build robust tests, trace facts about your domain rather than details of
 40 //: how you computed them.
 41 //:
 42 //: More details: http://akkartik.name/blog/tracing-tests
 43 //:
 44 //: ---
 45 //:
 46 //: Between layers and domain-driven testing, programming starts to look like a
 47 //: fundamentally different activity. Instead of a) superficial, b) local rules
 48 //: on c) code [like say http://blog.bbv.ch/2013/06/05/clean-code-cheat-sheet],
 49 //: we allow programmers to engage with the a) deep, b) global structure of the
 50 //: c) domain. If you can systematically track discontinuities in the domain,
 51 //: you don't care if the code used gotos as long as it passed the tests. If
 52 //: tests become more robust to run it becomes easier to try out radically
 53 //: different implementations for the same program. If code is super-easy to
 54 //: rewrite, it becomes less important what indentation style it uses, or that
 55 //: the objects are appropriately encapsulated, or that the functions are
 56 //: referentially transparent.
 57 //:
 58 //: Instead of plumbing, programming becomes building and gradually refining a
 59 //: map of the environment the program must operate under. Whether a program is
 60 //: 'correct' at a given point in time is a red herring; what matters is
 61 //: avoiding regression by monotonically nailing down the more 'eventful' parts
 62 //: of the terrain. It helps readers new and old, and rewards curiosity, to
 63 //: organize large programs in self-similar hierarchies of example scenarios
 64 //: colocated with the code that makes them work.
 65 //:
 66 //:   "Programming properly should be regarded as an activity by which
 67 //:   programmers form a mental model, rather than as production of a program."
 68 //:   -- Peter Naur (http://alistair.cockburn.us/ASD+book+extract%3A+%22Naur,+Ehn,+Musashi%22)
 69 
 70 :(before "End Types")
 71 struct trace_line {
 72   int depth;  // optional field just to help browse traces later
 73   string label;
 74   string contents;
 75   trace_line(string l, string c) :depth(0), label(l), contents(c) {}
 76   trace_line(int d, string l, string c) :depth(d), label(l), contents(c) {}
 77 };
 78 
 79 :(before "End Globals")
 80 bool Hide_errors = false;
 81 bool Dump_trace = false;
 82 string Dump_label = "";
 83 :(before "End Setup")
 84 Hide_errors = false;
 85 Dump_trace = false;
 86 Dump_label = "";
 87 
 88 :(before "End Types")
 89 // Pre-define some global constants that trace_stream needs to know about.
 90 // Since they're in the Types section, they'll be included in any cleaved
 91 // compilation units. So no extern linkage.
 92 const int Max_depth = 9999;
 93 const int Error_depth = 0;  // definitely always print errors
 94 const int App_depth = 2;  // temporarily where all Mu code will trace to
 95 
 96 struct trace_stream {
 97   vector<trace_line> past_lines;
 98   // accumulator for current line
 99   ostringstream* curr_stream;
100   string curr_label;
101   int curr_depth;
102   int callstack_depth;
103   int collect_depth;
104   ofstream null_stream;  // never opens a file, so writes silently fail
105   trace_stream() :curr_stream(NULL), curr_depth(Max_depth), callstack_depth(0), collect_depth(Max_depth) {}
106   ~trace_stream() { if (curr_stream) delete curr_stream; }
107 
108   ostream& stream(string label) {
109   ¦ return stream(Max_depth, label);
110   }
111 
112   ostream& stream(int depth, string label) {
113   ¦ if (depth > collect_depth) return null_stream;
114   ¦ curr_stream = new ostringstream;
115   ¦ curr_label = label;
116   ¦ curr_depth = depth;
117   ¦ return *curr_stream;
118   }
119 
120   // be sure to call this before messing with curr_stream or curr_label
121   void newline();
122   // useful for debugging
123   string readable_contents(string label);  // empty label = show everything
124 };
125 
126 :(code)
127 void trace_stream::newline() {
128   if (!curr_stream) return;
129   string curr_contents = curr_stream->str();
130   if (!curr_contents.empty()) {
131   ¦ past_lines.push_back(trace_line(curr_depth, trim(curr_label), curr_contents));  // preserve indent in contents
132   ¦ if ((!Hide_errors && curr_label == "error")
133   ¦ ¦ ¦ || Dump_trace
134   ¦ ¦ ¦ || (!Dump_label.empty() && curr_label == Dump_label))
135   ¦ ¦ cerr << curr_label << ": " << curr_contents << '\n';
136   }
137   delete curr_stream;
138   curr_stream = NULL;
139   curr_label.clear();
140   curr_depth = Max_depth;
141 }
142 
143 string trace_stream::readable_contents(string label) {
144   ostringstream output;
145   label = trim(label);
146   for (vector<trace_line>::iterator p = past_lines.begin();  p != past_lines.end();  ++p)
147   ¦ if (label.empty() || label == p->label) {
148   ¦ ¦ output << std::setw(4) << p->depth << ' ' << p->label << ": " << p->contents << '\n';
149   ¦ }
150   return output.str();
151 }
152 
153 :(before "End Globals")
154 trace_stream* Trace_stream = NULL;
155 int Trace_errors = 0;  // used only when Trace_stream is NULL
156 
157 :(before "End Includes")
158 #define CLEAR_TRACE  delete Trace_stream, Trace_stream = new trace_stream;
159 
160 // Top-level helper. IMPORTANT: can't nest
161 #define trace(...)  !Trace_stream ? cerr /*print nothing*/ : Trace_stream->stream(__VA_ARGS__)
162 
163 // Just for debugging; 'git log' should never show any calls to 'dbg'.
164 #define dbg trace(0, "a")
165 #define DUMP(label)  if (Trace_stream) cerr << Trace_stream->readable_contents(label);
166 
167 // Errors are a special layer.
168 #define raise  (!Trace_stream ? (tb_shutdown(),++Trace_errors,cerr) /*do print*/ : Trace_stream->stream(Error_depth, "error"))
169 // If we aren't yet sure how to deal with some corner case, use assert_for_now
170 // to indicate that it isn't an inviolable invariant.
171 #define assert_for_now assert
172 
173 // Inside tests, fail any tests that displayed (unexpected) errors.
174 // Expected errors in tests should always be hidden and silently checked for.
175 :(before "End Test Teardown")
176 if (Passed && !Hide_errors && trace_contains_errors()) {
177   Passed = false;
178 }
179 :(code)
180 bool trace_contains_errors() {
181   return Trace_errors > 0 || trace_count("error") > 0;
182 }
183 
184 :(before "End Types")
185 struct end {};
186 :(code)
187 ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, unused end) {
188   if (Trace_stream) Trace_stream->newline();
189   return os;
190 }
191 
192 :(before "End Globals")
193 bool Save_trace = false;
194 
195 // Trace_stream is a resource, lease_tracer uses RAII to manage it.
196 :(before "End Types")
197 struct lease_tracer {
198   lease_tracer();
199   ~lease_tracer();
200 };
201 :(code)
202 lease_tracer::lease_tracer() { Trace_stream = new trace_stream; }
203 lease_tracer::~lease_tracer() {
204   if (!Trace_stream) return;  // in case tests close Trace_stream
205   if (Save_trace) {
206   ¦ ofstream fout("last_trace");
207   ¦ fout << Trace_stream->readable_contents("");
208   ¦ fout.close();
209   }
210   delete Trace_stream, Trace_stream = NULL;
211 }
212 :(before "End Includes")
213 #define START_TRACING_UNTIL_END_OF_SCOPE  lease_tracer leased_tracer;
214 :(before "End Test Setup")
215 START_TRACING_UNTIL_END_OF_SCOPE
216 
217 :(before "End Includes")
218 #define CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(...)  check_trace_contents(__FUNCTION__, __FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__)
219 
220 #define CHECK_TRACE_CONTAINS_ERRORS()  CHECK(trace_contains_errors())
221 #define CHECK_TRACE_DOESNT_CONTAIN_ERRORS() \
222   if (Passed && trace_contains_errors()) { \
223   ¦ cerr << "\nF - " << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << "): unexpected errors\n"; \
224   ¦ DUMP("error"); \
225   ¦ Passed = false; \
226   ¦ return; \
227   }
228 
229 #define CHECK_TRACE_COUNT(label, count) \
230   if (Passed && trace_count(label) != (count)) { \
231   ¦ cerr << "\nF - " << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << "): trace_count of " << label << " should be " << count << '\n'; \
232   ¦ cerr << "  got " << trace_count(label) << '\n';  /* multiple eval */ \
233   ¦ DUMP(label); \
234   ¦ Passed = false; \
235   ¦ return;  /* Currently we stop at the very first failure. */ \
236   }
237 
238 #define CHECK_TRACE_DOESNT_CONTAIN(...)  CHECK(trace_doesnt_contain(__VA_ARGS__))
239 
240 :(code)
241 bool check_trace_contents(string FUNCTION, string FILE, int LINE, string expected) {
242   if (!Passed) return false;
243   if (!Trace_stream) return false;
244   vector<string> expected_lines = split(expected, "^D");
245   int curr_expected_line = 0;
246   while (curr_expected_line < SIZE(expected_lines) && expected_lines.at(curr_expected_line).empty())
247   ¦ ++curr_expected_line;
248   if (curr_expected_line == SIZE(expected_lines)) return true;
249   string label, contents;
250   split_label_contents(expected_lines.at(curr_expected_line), &label, &contents);
251   for (vector<trace_line>::iterator p = Trace_stream->past_lines.begin();  p != Trace_stream->past_lines.end();  ++p) {
252   ¦ if (label != p->label) continue;
253   ¦ if (contents != trim(p->contents)) continue;
254   ¦ ++curr_expected_line;
255   ¦ while (curr_expected_line < SIZE(expected_lines) && expected_lines.at(curr_expected_line).empty())
256   ¦ ¦ ++curr_expected_line;
257   ¦ if (curr_expected_line == SIZE(expected_lines)) return true;
258   ¦ split_label_contents(expected_lines.at(curr_expected_line), &label, &contents);
259   }
260 
261   if (line_exists_anywhere(label, contents)) {
262   ¦ cerr << "\nF - " << FUNCTION << "(" << FILE << ":" << LINE << "): line [" << label << ": " << contents << "] out of order in trace:\n";
263   ¦ DUMP("");
264   }
265   else {
266   ¦ cerr << "\nF - " << FUNCTION << "(" << FILE << ":" << LINE << "): missing [" << contents << "] in trace:\n";
267   ¦ DUMP(label);
268   }
269   Passed = false;
270   return false;
271 }
272 
273 void split_label_contents(const string& s, string* label, string* contents) {
274   static const string delim(": ");
275   size_t pos = s.find(delim);
276   if (pos == string::npos) {
277   ¦ *label = "";
278   ¦ *contents = trim(s);
279   }
280   else {
281   ¦ *label = trim(s.substr(0, pos));
282   ¦ *contents = trim(s.substr(pos+SIZE(delim)));
283   }
284 }
285 
286 bool line_exists_anywhere(const string& label, const string& contents) {
287   for (vector<trace_line>::iterator p = Trace_stream->past_lines.begin();  p != Trace_stream->past_lines.end();  ++p) {
288   ¦ if (label != p->label) continue;
289   ¦ if (contents == trim(p->contents)) return true;
290   }
291   return false;
292 }
293 
294 int trace_count(string label) {
295   return trace_count(label, "");
296 }
297 
298 int trace_count(string label, string line) {
299   if (!Trace_stream) return 0;
300   long result = 0;
301   for (vector<trace_line>::iterator p = Trace_stream->past_lines.begin();  p != Trace_stream->past_lines.end();  ++p) {
302   ¦ if (label == p->label) {
303   ¦ ¦ if (line == "" || trim(line) == trim(p->contents))
304   ¦ ¦ ¦ ++result;
305   ¦ }
306   }
307   return result;
308 }
309 
310 int trace_count_prefix(string label, string prefix) {
311   if (!Trace_stream) return 0;
312   long result = 0;
313   for (vector<trace_line>::iterator p = Trace_stream->past_lines.begin();  p != Trace_stream->past_lines.end();  ++p) {
314   ¦ if (label == p->label) {
315   ¦ ¦ if (starts_with(trim(p->contents), trim(prefix)))
316   ¦ ¦ ¦ ++result;
317   ¦ }
318   }
319   return result;
320 }
321 
322 bool trace_doesnt_contain(string label, string line) {
323   return trace_count(label, line) == 0;
324 }
325 
326 bool trace_doesnt_contain(string expected) {
327   vector<string> tmp = split_first(expected, ": ");
328   return trace_doesnt_contain(tmp.at(0), tmp.at(1));
329 }
330 
331 vector<string> split(string s, string delim) {
332   vector<string> result;
333   size_t begin=0, end=s.find(delim);
334   while (true) {
335   ¦ if (end == string::npos) {
336   ¦ ¦ result.push_back(string(s, begin, string::npos));
337   ¦ ¦ break;
338   ¦ }
339   ¦ result.push_back(string(s, begin, end-begin));
340   ¦ begin = end+SIZE(delim);
341   ¦ end = s.find(delim, begin);
342   }
343   return result;
344 }
345 
346 vector<string> split_first(string s, string delim) {
347   vector<string> result;
348   size_t end=s.find(delim);
349   result.push_back(string(s, 0, end));
350   if (end != string::npos)
351   ¦ result.push_back(string(s, end+SIZE(delim), string::npos));
352   return result;
353 }
354 
355 string trim(const string& s) {
356   string::const_iterator first = s.begin();
357   while (first != s.end() && isspace(*first))
358   ¦ ++first;
359   if (first == s.end()) return "";
360 
361   string::const_iterator last = --s.end();
362   while (last != s.begin() && isspace(*last))
363   ¦ --last;
364   ++last;
365   return string(first, last);
366 }
367 
368 :(before "End Includes")
369 #include <vector>
370 using std::vector;
371 #include <list>
372 using std::list;
373 #include <map>
374 using std::map;
375 #include <set>
376 using std::set;
377 #include <algorithm>
378 
379 #include <sstream>
380 using std::istringstream;
381 using std::ostringstream;
382 
383 #include <fstream>
384 using std::ifstream;
385 using std::ofstream;
386 
387 #include "termbox/termbox.h"
388 
389 :(before "End Globals")
390 //: In future layers we'll use the depth field as follows:
391 //:
392 //: Errors will be depth 0.
393 //: Mu 'applications' will be able to use depths 1-100 as they like.
394 //: Primitive statements will occupy 101-9989
395 extern const int Initial_callstack_depth = 101;
396 extern const int Max_callstack_depth = 9989;
397 //: Finally, details of primitive Mu statements will occupy depth 9990-9999
398 //: (more on that later as well)
399 //:
400 //: This framework should help us hide some details at each level, mixing
401 //: static ideas like layers with the dynamic notion of call-stack depth.