1 # Helper to print an int32 in decimal.
  2 
  3 == code
  4 #   instruction                     effective address                                                   register    displacement    immediate
  5 # . op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32
  6 # . 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes
  7 
  8 write-int32-decimal:  # out: (addr stream byte), n: int
  9     # works by generating characters from lowest to highest and pushing them
 10     # to the stack, before popping them one by one into the stream
 11     #
 12     # pseudocode:
 13     #   push sentinel
 14     #   eax = abs(n)
 15     #   while true
 16     #     sign-extend eax into edx
 17     #     eax, edx = eax/10, eax%10
 18     #     edx += '0'
 19     #     push edx
 20     #     if (eax == 0) break
 21     #   if n < 0
 22     #     push '-'
 23     #   w = out->write
 24     #   curr = &out->data[out->write]
 25     #   max = &out->data[out->size]
 26     #   while true
 27     #     pop into eax
 28     #     if (eax == sentinel) break
 29     #     if (curr >= max) abort
 30     #     *curr = AL
 31     #     ++curr
 32     #     ++w
 33     #   out->write = w
 34     # (based on K&R itoa: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C_Programming/stdlib.h/itoa)
 35     # (this pseudocode contains registers because operations like division
 36     # require specific registers in x86)
 37     #
 38     # . prologue
 39     55/push-ebp
 40     89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
 41     # . save registers
 42     50/push-eax
 43     51/push-ecx
 44     52/push-edx
 45     53/push-ebx
 46     57/push-edi
 47     # const ten/ecx = 10
 48     b9/copy-to-ecx  0xa/imm32
 49     # push sentinel
 50     68/push  0/imm32/sentinel
 51     # var eax: int = abs(n)
 52     8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(ebp+12) to eax
 53     3d/compare-eax-with  0/imm32
 54     7d/jump-if->=  $write-int32-decimal:read-loop/disp8
 55 $write-int32-decimal:negative:
 56     f7          3/subop/negate      3/mod/direct    0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # negate eax
 57 $write-int32-decimal:read-loop:
 58     # eax, edx = eax / 10, eax % 10
 59     99/sign-extend-eax-into-edx
 60     f7          7/subop/idiv        3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # divide edx:eax by ecx, storing quotient in eax and remainder in edx
 61     # edx += '0'
 62     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           .           .               0x30/imm32        # add to edx
 63     # push edx
 64     52/push-edx
 65     # if (eax == 0) break
 66     3d/compare-eax-and  0/imm32
 67     7f/jump-if->  $write-int32-decimal:read-loop/disp8
 68 $write-int32-decimal:read-break:
 69     # if (n < 0) push('-')
 70     81          7/subop/compare     1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       0/imm32           # compare *(ebp+12)
 71     7d/jump-if->=  $write-int32-decimal:write/disp8
 72 $write-int32-decimal:push-negative:
 73     68/push  0x2d/imm32/-
 74 $write-int32-decimal:write:
 75     # edi = out
 76     8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           7/r32/edi   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(ebp+8) to edi
 77     # var w/edx: int = out->write
 78     8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/edi    .           .             .           2/r32/edx   .               .                 # copy *edi to edx
 79     # var curr/ecx: (addr byte) = &out->data[out->write]
 80     8d/copy-address                 1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    7/base/edi  2/index/edx   .           1/r32/ecx   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy ebx+edx+12 to ecx
 81     # var max/ebx: (addr byte) = &out->data[out->size]
 82     8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   7/rm32/edi    .           .             .           3/r32/ebx   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(edi+8) to ebx
 83     8d/copy-address                 1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    7/base/edi  3/index/ebx   .           3/r32/ebx   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy edi+ebx+12 to ebx
 84 $write-int32-decimal:write-loop:
 85     # pop into eax
 86     58/pop-to-eax
 87     # if (eax == sentinel) break
 88     3d/compare-eax-and  0/imm32/sentinel
 89     74/jump-if-=  $write-int32-decimal:write-break/disp8
 90     # if (curr >= max) abort
 91     39/compare                      3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           3/r32/ebx   .               .                 # compare ecx with ebx
 92     73/jump-if-addr>=  $write-int32-decimal:abort/disp8
 93 $write-int32-decimal:write-char:
 94     # *curr = AL
 95     88/copy-byte                    0/mod/indirect  1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           0/r32/AL    .               .                 # copy AL to byte at *ecx
 96     # ++curr
 97     41/increment-ecx
 98     # ++w
 99     42/increment-edx
100     eb/jump  $write-int32-decimal:write-loop/disp8
101 $write-int32-decimal:write-break:
102     # out->write = w
103     89/copy                         0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/edi    .           .             .           2/r32/edx   .               .                 # copy edx to *edi
104 $write-int32-decimal:end:
105     # . restore registers
106     5f/pop-to-edi
107     5b/pop-to-ebx
108     5a/pop-to-edx
109     59/pop-to-ecx
110     58/pop-to-eax
111     # . epilogue
112     89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
113     5d/pop-to-ebp
114     c3/return
115 
116 $write-int32-decimal:abort:
117     # . _write(2/stderr, error)
118     # . . push args
119     68/push  "write-int32-decimal: out of space\n"/imm32
120     68/push  2/imm32/stderr
121     # . . call
122     e8/call  _write/disp32
123     # . . discard args
124     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
125     # . syscall(exit, 1)
126     bb/copy-to-ebx  1/imm32
127     e8/call  syscall_exit/disp32
128     # never gets here
129 
130 test-write-int32-decimal:
131     # - check that a single-digit number converts correctly
132     # setup
133     # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
134     # . . push args
135     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
136     # . . call
137     e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
138     # . . discard args
139     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
140     # write-int32-decimal(_test-stream, 9)
141     # . . push args
142     68/push  9/imm32
143     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
144     # . . call
145     e8/call  write-int32-decimal/disp32
146     # . . discard args
147     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
148     # check-stream-equal(_test-stream, "9", msg)
149     # . . push args
150     68/push  "F - test-write-int32-decimal"/imm32
151     68/push  "9"/imm32
152     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
153     # . . call
154     e8/call  check-stream-equal/disp32
155     # . . discard args
156     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
157     # . end
158     c3/return
159 
160 test-write-int32-decimal-zero:
161     # - check that 0 converts correctly
162     # setup
163     # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
164     # . . push args
165     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
166     # . . call
167     e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
168     # . . discard args
169     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
170     # write-int32-decimal(_test-stream, 0)
171     # . . push args
172     68/push  0/imm32
173     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
174     # . . call
175     e8/call  write-int32-decimal/disp32
176     # . . discard args
177     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
178     # check-stream-equal(_test-stream, "0", msg)
179     # . . push args
180     68/push  "F - test-write-int32-decimal-zero"/imm32
181     68/push  "0"/imm32
182     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
183     # . . call
184     e8/call  check-stream-equal/disp32
185     # . . discard args
186     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
187     # . end
188     c3/return
189 
190 test-write-int32-decimal-multiple-digits:
191     # - check that a multi-digit number converts correctly
192     # setup
193     # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
194     # . . push args
195     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
196     # . . call
197     e8/call  clear-stream