1 # Helper to print an int32 in decimal.
  2 
  3 == code
  4 #   instruction                     effective address                                                   register    displacement    immediate
  5 # . op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32
  6 # . 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes
  7 
  8 write-int32-decimal:  # out: (addr stream byte), n: int32
  9     # works by generating characters from lowest to highest and pushing them
 10     # to the stack, before popping them one by one into the stream
 11     #
 12     # pseudocode:
 13     #   push sentinel
 14     #   eax = abs(n)
 15     #   while true
 16     #     sign-extend eax into edx
 17     #     eax, edx = eax/10, eax%10
 18     #     edx += '0'
 19     #     push edx
 20     #     if (eax == 0) break
 21     #   if n < 0
 22     #     push '-'
 23     #   w = out->write
 24     #   curr = &out->data[out->write]
 25     #   max = &out->data[out->size]
 26     #   while true
 27     #     pop into eax
 28     #     if (eax == sentinel) break
 29     #     if (curr >= max) abort
 30     #     *curr = AL
 31     #     ++curr
 32     #     ++w
 33     #   out->write = w
 34     # (based on K&R itoa: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C_Programming/stdlib.h/itoa)
 35     # (this pseudocode contains registers because operations like division
 36     # require specific registers in x86)
 37     #
 38     # . prologue
 39     55/push-ebp
 40     89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
 41     # . save registers
 42     50/push-eax
 43     51/push-ecx
 44     52/push-edx
 45     53/push-ebx
 46     57/push-edi
 47     # const ten/ecx = 10
 48     b9/copy-to-ecx  0xa/imm32
 49     # push sentinel
 50     68/push  0/imm32/sentinel
 51     # var eax: int = abs(n)
 52     8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(ebp+12) to eax
 53     3d/compare-eax-with  0/imm32
 54     7d/jump-if->=  $write-int32-decimal:read-loop/disp8
 55 $write-int32-decimal:negative:
 56     f7          3/subop/negate      3/mod/direct    0/rm32/eax    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # negate eax
 57 $write-int32-decimal:read-loop:
 58     # eax, edx = eax / 10, eax % 10
 59     99/sign-extend-eax-into-edx
 60     f7          7/subop/idiv        3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           .               .                 # divide edx:eax by ecx, storing quotient in eax and remainder in edx
 61     # edx += '0'
 62     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    2/rm32/edx    .           .             .           .           .               0x30/imm32        # add to edx
 63     # push edx
 64     52/push-edx
 65     # if (eax == 0) break
 66     3d/compare-eax-and  0/imm32
 67     7f/jump-if->  $write-int32-decimal:read-loop/disp8
 68 $write-int32-decimal:read-break:
 69     # if (n < 0) push('-')
 70     81          7/subop/compare     1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       0/imm32           # compare *(ebp+12)
 71     7d/jump-if->=  $write-int32-decimal:write/disp8
 72 $write-int32-decimal:push-negative:
 73     68/push  0x2d/imm32/-
 74 $write-int32-decimal:write:
 75     # edi = out
 76     8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           7/r32/edi   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(ebp+8) to edi
 77     # var w/edx: int = out->write
 78     8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/edi    .           .             .           2/r32/edx   .               .                 # copy *edi to edx
 79     # var curr/ecx: (addr byte) = &out->data[out->write]
 80     8d/copy-address                 1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    7/base/edi  2/index/edx   .           1/r32/ecx   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy ebx+edx+12 to ecx
 81     # var max/ebx: (addr byte) = &out->data[out->size]
 82     8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   7/rm32/edi    .           .             .           3/r32/ebx   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(edi+8) to ebx
 83     8d/copy-address                 1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    7/base/edi  3/index/ebx   .           3/r32/ebx   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy edi+ebx+12 to ebx
 84 $write-int32-decimal:write-loop:
 85     # pop into eax
 86     58/pop-to-eax
 87     # if (eax == sentinel) break
 88     3d/compare-eax-and  0/imm32/sentinel
 89     74/jump-if-=  $write-int32-decimal:write-break/disp8
 90     # if (curr >= max) abort
 91     39/compare                      3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           3/r32/ebx   .               .                 # compare ecx with ebx
 92     73/jump-if-addr>=  $write-int32-decimal:abort/disp8
 93 $write-int32-decimal:write-char:
 94     # *curr = AL
 95     88/copy-byte                    0/mod/indirect  1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           0/r32/AL    .               .                 # copy AL to byte at *ecx
 96     # ++curr
 97     41/increment-ecx
 98     # ++w
 99     42/increment-edx
100     eb/jump  $write-int32-decimal:write-loop/disp8
101 $write-int32-decimal:write-break:
102     # out->write = w
103     89/copy                         0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/edi    .           .             .           2/r32/edx   .               .                 # copy edx to *edi
104 $write-int32-decimal:end:
105     # . restore registers
106     5f/pop-to-edi
107     5b/pop-to-ebx
108     5a/pop-to-edx
109     59/pop-to-ecx
110     58/pop-to-eax
111     # . epilogue
112     89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
113     5d/pop-to-ebp
114     c3/return
115 
116 $write-int32-decimal:abort:
117     # . _write(2/stderr, error)
118     # . . push args
119     68/push  "write-int32-decimal: out of space\n"/imm32
120     68/push  2/imm32/stderr
121     # . . call
122     e8/call  _write/disp32
123     # . . discard args
124     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
125     # . syscall(exit, 1)
126     bb/copy-to-ebx  1/imm32
127     e8/call  syscall_exit/disp32
128     # never gets here
129 
130 test-write-int32-decimal:
131     # - check that a single-digit number converts correctly
132     # setup
133     # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
134     # . . push args
135     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
136     # . . call
137     e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
138     # . . discard args
139     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
140     # write-int32-decimal(_test-stream, 9)
141     # . . push args
142     68/push  9/imm32
143     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
144     # . . call
145     e8/call  write-int32-decimal/disp32
146     # . . discard args
147     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
148     # check-stream-equal(_test-stream, "9", msg)
149     # . . push args
150     68/push  "F - test-write-int32-decimal"/imm32
151     68/push  "9"/imm32
152     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
153     # . . call
154     e8/call  check-stream-equal/disp32
155     # . . discard args
156     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
157     # . end
158     c3/return
159 
160 test-write-int32-decimal-zero:
161     # - check that 0 converts correctly
162     # setup
163     # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
164     # . . push args
165     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
166     # . . call
167     e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
168     # . . discard args
169     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
170     # write-int32-decimal(_test-stream, 0)
171     # . . push args
172     68/push  0/imm32
173     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
174     # . . call
175     e8/call  write-int32-decimal/disp32
176     # . . discard args
177     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
178     # check-stream-equal(_test-stream, "0", msg)
179     # . . push args
180     68/push  "F - test-write-int32-decimal-zero"/imm32
181     68/push  "0"/imm32
182     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
183     # . . call
184     e8/call  check-stream-equal/disp32
185     # . . discard args
186     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
187     # . end
188     c3/return
189 
190 test-write-int32-decimal-multiple-digits:
191     # - check that a multi-digit number converts correctly
192     # setup
193     # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
194     # . . push args
195     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
196     # . . call
197     e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
198     # . . discard args
199     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
200     # write-int32-decimal(_test-stream, 10)
201     # . . push args
202     68/push  0xa/imm32
203     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
204     # . . call
205     e8/call  write-int32-decimal/disp32
206     # . . discard args
207     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
208     # check-stream-equal(_test-stream, "10", msg)
209     # . . push args
210     68/push  "F - test-write-int32-decimal-multiple-digits"/imm32
211     68/push  "10"/imm32
212     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
213     # . . call
214     e8/call  check-stream-equal/disp32
215     # . . discard args
216     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
217     # . end
218     c3/return
219 
220 test-write-int32-decimal-negative:
221     # - check that a negative single-digit number converts correctly
222     # setup
223     # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
224     # . . push args
225     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
226     # . . call
227     e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
228     # . . discard args
229     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
230     # write-int32-decimal(_test-stream, -9)
231     # . . push args
232     68/push  -9/imm32
233     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
234     # . . call
235     e8/call  write-int32-decimal/disp32
236     # . . discard args
237     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
238 +-- 26 lines: #?     # dump _test-stream ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
264     # check-stream-equal(_test-stream, "-9", msg)
265     # . . push args
266     68/push  "F - test-write-int32-decimal-negative"/imm32
267     68/push  "-9"/imm32
268     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
269     # . . call
270     e8/call  check-stream-equal/disp32
271     # . . discard args
272     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
273     # . end
274     c3/return
275 
276 test-write-int32-decimal-negative-multiple-digits:
277     # - check that a multi-digit number converts correctly
278     # setup
279     # . clear-stream(_test-stream)
280     # . . push args
281     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
282     # . . call
283     e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
284     # . . discard args
285     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
286     # write-int32-decimal(_test-stream, -10)
287     # . . push args
288     68/push  -0xa/imm32
289     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
290     # . . call
291     e8/call  write-int32-decimal/disp32
292     # . . discard args
293     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
294     # check-stream-equal(_test-stream, "-10", msg)
295     # . . push args
296     68/push  "F - test-write-int32-decimal-negative-multiple-digits"/imm32
297     68/push  "-10"/imm32
298     68/push  _test-stream/imm32
299     # . . call
300     e8/call  check-stream-equal/disp32
301     # . . discard args
302     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
303     # . end
304     c3/return
305 
306 is-decimal-digit?:  # c: byte -> result/eax: boolean
307     # . prologue
308     55/push-ebp
309     89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
310     # . save registers
311     51/push-ecx
312     # ecx = c
313     8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           1/r32/ecx   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(ebp+8) to ecx
314     # result = false
315     b8/copy-to-eax  0/imm32/false
316     # return false if c < '0'
317     81          7/subop/compare     3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           .               0x30/imm32        # compare ecx
318     7c/jump-if-<  $is-decimal-digit?:end/disp8
319     # return (c <= '9')
320     81          7/subop/compare     3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ecx    .           .             .           .           .               0x39/imm32        # compare ecx
321     7f/jump-if->  $is-decimal-digit?:end/disp8
322 $is-decimal-digit?:true:
323     b8/copy-to-eax  1/imm32/true
324 $is-decimal-digit?:end:
325     # . restore registers
326     59/pop-to-ecx
327     # . epilogue
328     89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
329     5d/pop-to-ebp
330     c3/return
331 
332 test-is-decimal-digit-below-0:
333     # eax = is-decimal-digit?(0x2f)
334     # . . push args
335     68/push  0x2f/imm32
336     # . . call
337     e8/call  is-decimal-digit?/disp32
338     # . . discard args
339     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
340     # check-ints-equal(eax, 0, msg)
341     # . . push args
342     68/push  "F - test-is-decimal-digit-below-0"/imm32
343     68/push  0/imm32/false
344     50/push-eax
345     # . . call
346     e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
347     # . . discard args
348     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
349     c3/return
350 
351 test-is-decimal-digit-0-to-9:
352     # eax = is-decimal-digit?(0x30)
353     # . . push args
354     68/push  0x30/imm32
355     # . . call
356     e8/call  is-decimal-digit?/disp32
357     # . . discard args
358     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
359     # check-ints-equal(eax, 1, msg)
360     # . . push args
361     68/push  "F - test-is-decimal-digit-at-0"/imm32
362     68/push  1/imm32/true
363     50/push-eax
364     # . . call
365     e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
366     # . . discard args
367     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
368     # eax = is-decimal-digit?(0x39)
369     # . . push args
370     68/push  0x39/imm32
371     # . . call
372     e8/call  is-decimal-digit?/disp32
373     # . . discard args
374     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
375     # check-ints-equal(eax, 1, msg)
376     # . . push args
377     68/push  "F - test-is-decimal-digit-at-9"/imm32
378     68/push  1/imm32/true
379     50/push-eax
380     # . . call
381     e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
382     # . . discard args
383     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
384     c3/return
385 
386 test-is-decimal-digit-above-9:
387     # eax = is-decimal-digit?(0x3a)
388     # . . push args
389     68/push  0x3a/imm32
390     # . . call
391     e8/call  is-decimal-digit?/disp32
392     # . . discard args
393     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
394     # check-ints-equal(eax, 0, msg)
395     # . . push args
396     68/push  "F - test-is-decimal-digit-above-9"/imm32
397     68/push  0/imm32/false
398     50/push-eax
399     # . . call
400     e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
401     # . . discard args
402     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to esp
403     c3/return
404 
405 to-decimal-digit:  # in: byte -> out/eax: int
406     # . prologue
407     55/push-ebp
408     89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           4/r32/esp   .               .                 # copy esp to ebp
409     # eax = in
410     8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/ebp    .           .             .           0/r32/eax   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(ebp+8) to eax
411 $to-decimal-digit:check0:
412     # if (eax < '0') goto abort
413     3d/compare-eax-with  0x30/imm32/0
414     7c/jump-if-<  $to-decimal-digit:abort/disp8
415 $to-decimal-digit:check1:
416     # if (eax > '9') goto abort
417     3d/compare-eax-with  0x39/imm32/f
418     7f/jump-if->  $to-decimal-digit:abort/disp8
419 $to-decimal-digit:digit:
420     # return eax - '0'
421     2d/subtract-from-eax  0x30/imm32/0
422 $to-decimal-digit:end:
423     # . epilogue
424     89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           5/r32/ebp   .               .                 # copy ebp to esp
425     5d/pop-to-ebp
426     c3/return
427 
428 $to-decimal-digit:abort:
429     # . write-buffered(stderr, error)
430     # . . push args
431     68/push  "to-decimal-digit: not a digit character: "/imm32
432     68/push  Stderr/imm32
433     # . . call
434     e8/call  write-buffered/disp32
435     # . . discard args
436     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
437     # . write-byte-buffered(stderr, %eax)
438     # . . push args
439     50/push-eax
440     68/push  Stderr/imm32
441     # . . call
442 #?     e8/call  write-byte-buffered/disp32
443     e8/call  write-int32-hex-buffered/disp32
444     # . . discard args
445     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
446     # . write-buffered(stderr, "\n")
447     # . . push args
448     68/push  Newline/imm32
449     68/push  Stderr/imm32
450     # . . call
451     e8/call  write-buffered/disp32
452     # . . discard args
453     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to esp
454     # . flush(Stderr)
455     # . . push args
456     68/push  Stderr/imm32
457     # . . call
458     e8/call  flush/disp32
459     # . . discard args
460     81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/esp    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to esp
461     # . syscall(exit, 1)
462     bb/copy-to-ebx  1/imm32
463     e8/call  syscall_exit/disp32
464     # never gets here
465 
466 # . . vim:nowrap:textwidth=0