1 //: The goal of layers is to make programs more easy to understand and more
  2 //: malleable, easy to rewrite in radical ways without accidentally breaking
  3 //: some corner case. Tests further both goals. They help understandability by
  4 //: letting one make small changes and get feedback. What if I wrote this line
  5 //: like so? What if I removed this function call, is it really necessary?
  6 //: Just try it, see if the tests pass. Want to explore rewriting this bit in
  7 //: this way? Tests put many refactorings on a firmer footing.
  8 //:
  9 //: But the usual way we write tests seems incomplete. Refactorings tend to
 10 //: work in the small, but don't help with changes to function boundaries. If
 11 //: you want to extract a new function you have to manually test-drive it to
 12 //: create tests for it. If you want to inline a function its tests are no
 13 //: longer valid. In both cases you end up having to reorganize code as well as
 14 //: tests, an error-prone activity.
 15 //:
 16 //: In response, this layer introduces the notion of *domain-driven* testing.
 17 //: We focus on the domain of inputs the whole program needs to handle rather
 18 //: than the correctness of individual functions. All tests invoke the program
 19 //: in a single way: by calling run() with some input. As the program operates
 20 //: on the input, it traces out a list of _facts_ deduced about the domain:
 21 //:   trace("label") << "fact 1: " << val;
 22 //:
 23 //: Tests can now check these facts:
 24 //:   :(scenario foo)
 25 //:   34  # call run() with this input
 26 //:   +label: fact 1: 34  # 'run' should have deduced this fact
 27 //:   -label: fact 1: 35  # the trace should not contain such a fact
 28 //:
 29 //: Since we never call anything but the run() function directly, we never have
 30 //: to rewrite the tests when we reorganize the internals of the program. We
 31 //: just have to make sure our rewrite deduces the same facts about the domain,
 32 //: and that's something we're going to have to do anyway.
 33 //:
 34 //: To avoid the combinatorial explosion of integration tests, each layer
 35 //: mainly logs facts to the trace with a common *label*. All tests in a layer
 36 //: tend to check facts with this label. Validating the facts logged with a
 37 //: specific label is like calling functions of that layer directly.
 38 //:
 39 //: To build robust tests, trace facts about your domain rather than details of
 40 //: how you computed them.
 41 //:
 42 //: More details: http://akkartik.name/blog/tracing-tests
 43 //:
 44 //: ---
 45 //:
 46 //: Between layers and domain-driven testing, programming starts to look like a
 47 //: fundamentally different activity. Instead of a) superficial, b) local rules
 48 //: on c) code [like say http://blog.bbv.ch/2013/06/05/clean-code-cheat-sheet],
 49 //: we allow programmers to engage with the a) deep, b) global structure of the
 50 //: c) domain. If you can systematically track discontinuities in the domain,
 51 //: you don't care if the code used gotos as long as it passed the tests. If
 52 //: tests become more robust to run it becomes easier to try out radically
 53 //: different implementations for the same program. If code is super-easy to
 54 //: rewrite, it becomes less important what indentation style it uses, or that
 55 //: the objects are appropriately encapsulated, or that the functions are
 56 //: referentially transparent.
 57 //:
 58 //: Instead of plumbing, programming becomes building and gradually refining a
 59 //: map of the environment the program must operate under. Whether a program is
 60 //: 'correct' at a given point in time is a red herring; what matters is
 61 //: avoiding regression by monotonically nailing down the more 'eventful' parts
 62 //: of the terrain. It helps readers new and old, and rewards curiosity, to
 63 //: organize large programs in self-similar hierarchies of example scenarios
 64 //: colocated with the code that makes them work.
 65 //:
 66 //:   "Programming properly should be regarded as an activity by which
 67 //:   programmers form a mental model, rather than as production of a program."
 68 //:   -- Peter Naur (http://alistair.cockburn.us/ASD+book+extract%3A+%22Naur,+Ehn,+Musashi%22)
 69 
 70 :(before "End Types")
 71 struct trace_line {
 72   int depth;  // optional field just to help browse traces later
 73   string label;
 74   string contents;
 75   trace_line(string l, string c) :depth(0), label(l), contents(c) {}
 76   trace_line(int d, string l, string c) :depth(d), label(l), contents(c) {}
 77 };
 78 
 79 //: Support for tracing an entire run.
 80 //: Traces can have a lot of overhead, so only turn them on when asked.
 81 :(before "End Commandline Options(*arg)")
 82 else if (is_equal(*arg, "--trace")) {
 83   Save_trace = true;
 84 }
 85 :(before "End Commandline Parsing")
 86 if (Save_trace) {
 87   cerr << "initializing trace\n";
 88   Trace_stream = new trace_stream;
 89 }
 90 :(code)
 91 void cleanup_main() {
 92   if (!Trace_stream) return;
 93   if (Save_trace)
 94     Trace_stream->save();
 95   delete Trace_stream;
 96   Trace_stream = NULL;
 97 }
 98 :(before "End One-time Setup")
 99 atexit(cleanup_main);
100 
101 :(before "End Types")
102 // Pre-define some global constants that trace_stream needs to know about.
103 // Since they're in the Types section, they'll be included in any cleaved
104 // compilation units. So no extern linkage.
105 const int Max_depth = 9999;
106 const int Error_depth = 0;  // definitely always print errors
107 const int Warn_depth = 1;
108 
109 struct trace_stream {
110   vector<trace_line> past_lines;
111   // accumulator for current line
112   ostringstream* curr_stream;
113   string curr_label;
114   int curr_depth;
115   int collect_depth;
116   ofstream null_stream;  // never opens a file, so writes silently fail
117   trace_stream() :curr_stream(NULL), curr_depth(Max_depth), collect_depth(Max_depth) {}
118   ~trace_stream() { if (curr_stream) delete curr_stream; }
119 
120   ostream& stream(string label) {
121     return stream(Max_depth, label);
122   }
123 
124   ostream& stream(int depth, string label) {
125     if (depth > collect_depth) return null_stream;
126     curr_stream = new ostringstream;
127     curr_label = label;
128     curr_depth = depth;
129     (*curr_stream) << std::hex;
130     return *curr_stream;
131   }
132 
133   void save() {
134     cerr << "saving trace to 'last_run'\n";
135     ofstream fout("last_run");
136     fout << readable_contents("");
137     fout.close();
138   }
139 
140   // be sure to call this before messing with curr_stream or curr_label
141   void newline();
142   // useful for debugging
143   string readable_contents(string label);  // empty label = show everything
144 };
145 
146 :(code)
147 void trace_stream::newline() {
148   if (!curr_stream) return;
149   string curr_contents = curr_stream->str();
150   if (!curr_contents.empty()) {
151     past_lines.push_back(trace_line(curr_depth, trim(curr_label), curr_contents));  // preserve indent in contents
152     if ((!Hide_errors && curr_depth == Error_depth)
153         || (!Hide_warnings && !Hide_errors && curr_depth == Warn_depth)
154         || Dump_trace
155         || (!Dump_label.empty() && curr_label == Dump_label))
156       cerr << curr_label << ": " << curr_contents << '\n';
157   }
158   delete curr_stream;
159   curr_stream = NULL;
160   curr_label.clear();
161   curr_depth = Max_depth;
162 }
163 
164 string trace_stream::readable_contents(string label) {
165   ostringstream output;
166   label = trim(label);
167   for (vector<trace_line>::iterator p = past_lines.begin();  p != past_lines.end();  ++p)
168     if (label.empty() || label == p->label) {
169       output << std::setw(4) << p->depth << ' ' << p->label << ": " << p->contents << '\n';
170     }
171   return output.str();
172 }
173 
174 :(before "End Globals")
175 trace_stream* Trace_stream = NULL;
176 int Trace_errors = 0;  // used only when Trace_stream is NULL
177 
178 :(before "End Globals")
179 bool Hide_errors = false;  // if set, don't print even error trace lines to screen
180 bool Hide_warnings = false;  // if set, don't print warnings to screen
181 bool Dump_trace = false;  // if set, print trace lines to screen
182 string Dump_label = "";  // if set, print trace lines matching a single label to screen
183 :(before "End Reset")
184 Hide_errors = false;
185 Hide_warnings = false;
186 Dump_trace = false;
187 Dump_label = "";
188 //: Never dump warnings in scenarios
189 :(before "End Test Setup")
190 Hide_warnings = true;
191 
192 :(before "End Includes")
193 #define CLEAR_TRACE  delete Trace_stream, Trace_stream = new trace_stream;
194 
195 // Top-level helper. IMPORTANT: can't nest
196 #define trace(...)  !Trace_stream ? cerr /*print nothing*/ : Trace_stream->stream(__VA_ARGS__)
197 
198 // Just for debugging; 'git log' should never show any calls to 'dbg'.
199 #define dbg trace(0, "a")
200 #define DUMP(label)  if (Trace_stream) cerr << Trace_stream->readable_contents(label);
201 
202 // Errors and warnings are special layers.
203 #define raise  (!Trace_stream ? (++Trace_errors,cerr) /*do print*/ : Trace_stream->stream(Error_depth, "error"))
204 #define warn (!Trace_stream ? (++Trace_errors,cerr) /*do print*/ : Trace_stream->stream(Warn_depth, "warn"))
205 // If we aren't yet sure how to deal with some corner case, use assert_for_now
206 // to indicate that it isn't an inviolable invariant.
207 #define assert_for_now assert
208 #define raise_for_now raise
209 
210 // Inside tests, fail any tests that displayed (unexpected) errors.
211 // Expected errors in tests should always be hidden and silently checked for.
212 :(before "End Test Teardown")
213 if (Passed && !Hide_errors && trace_contains_errors()) {
214   Passed = false;
215 }
216 :(code)
217 bool trace_contains_errors() {
218   return Trace_errors > 0 || trace_count("error") > 0;
219 }
220 
221 :(before "End Types")
222 struct end {};
223 :(code)
224 ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, end /*unused*/) {
225   if (Trace_stream) Trace_stream->newline();
226   return os;
227 }
228 
229 :(before "End Globals")
230 bool Save_trace = false;  // if set, write out trace to disk
231 
232 // Trace_stream is a resource, lease_tracer uses RAII to manage it.
233 :(before "End Types")
234 struct lease_tracer {
235   lease_tracer();
236   ~lease_tracer();
237 };
238 :(code)
239 lease_tracer::lease_tracer() { Trace_stream = new trace_stream; }
240 lease_tracer::~lease_tracer() {
241   if (Save_trace) Trace_stream->save();
242   delete Trace_stream, Trace_stream = NULL;
243 }
244 :(before "End Includes")
245 #define START_TRACING_UNTIL_END_OF_SCOPE  lease_tracer leased_tracer;
246 :(before "End Test Setup")
247 START_TRACING_UNTIL_END_OF_SCOPE
248 
249 :(before "End Includes")
250 #define CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(...)  check_trace_contents(__FUNCTION__, __FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__)
251 
252 #define CHECK_TRACE_CONTAINS_ERRORS()  CHECK(trace_contains_errors())
253 #define CHECK_TRACE_DOESNT_CONTAIN_ERRORS() \
254   if (Passed && trace_contains_errors()) { \
255     cerr << "\nF - " << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << "): unexpected errors\n"; \
256     DUMP("error"); \
257     Passed = false; \
258     return; \
259   }
260 
261 #define CHECK_TRACE_COUNT(label, count) \
262   if (Passed && trace_count(label) != (count)) { \
263     cerr << "\nF - " << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << "): trace_count of " << label << " should be " << count << '\n'; \
264     cerr << "  got " << trace_count(label) << '\n';  /* multiple eval */ \
265     DUMP(label); \
266     Passed = false; \
267     return;  /* Currently we stop at the very first failure. */ \
268   }
269 
270 #define CHECK_TRACE_DOESNT_CONTAIN(...)  CHECK(trace_doesnt_contain(__VA_ARGS__))
271 
272 :(code)
273 bool check_trace_contents(string FUNCTION, string FILE, int LINE, string expected) {
274   if (!Passed) return false;
275   if (!Trace_stream) return false;
276   vector<string> expected_lines = split(expected, "^D");
277   int curr_expected_line = 0;
278   while (curr_expected_line < SIZE(expected_lines) && expected_lines.at(curr_expected_line).empty())
279     ++curr_expected_line;
280   if (curr_expected_line == SIZE(expected_lines)) return true;
281   string label, contents;
282   split_label_contents(expected_lines.at(curr_expected_line), &label, &contents);
283   for (vector<trace_line>::iterator p = Trace_stream->past_lines.begin();  p != Trace_stream->past_lines.end();  ++p) {
284     if (label != p->label) continue;
285     if (contents != trim(p->contents)) continue;
286     ++curr_expected_line;
287     while (curr_expected_line < SIZE(expected_lines) && expected_lines.at(curr_expected_line).empty())
288       ++curr_expected_line;
289     if (curr_expected_line == SIZE(expected_lines)) return true;
290     split_label_contents(expected_lines.at(curr_expected_line), &label, &contents);
291   }
292 
293   if (line_exists_anywhere(label, contents)) {
294     cerr << "\nF - " << FUNCTION << "(" << FILE << ":" << LINE << "): line [" << label << ": " << contents << "] out of order in trace:\n";
295     DUMP("");
296   }
297   else {
298     cerr << "\nF - " << FUNCTION << "(" << FILE << ":" << LINE << "): missing [" << contents << "] in trace:\n";
299     DUMP(label);
300   }
301   Passed = false;
302   return false;
303 }
304 
305 void split_label_contents(const string& s, string* label, string* contents) {
306   static const string delim(": ");
307   size_t pos = s.find(delim);
308   if (pos == string::npos) {
309     *label = "";
310     *contents = trim(s);
311   }
312   else {
313     *label = trim(s.substr(0, pos));
314     *contents = trim(s.substr(pos+SIZE(delim)));
315   }
316 }
317 
318 bool line_exists_anywhere(const string& label, const string& contents) {
319   for (vector<trace_line>::iterator p = Trace_stream->past_lines.begin();  p != Trace_stream->past_lines.end();  ++p) {
320     if (label != p->label) continue;
321     if (contents == trim(p->contents)) return true;
322   }
323   return false;
324 }
325 
326 int trace_count(string label) {
327   return trace_count(label, "");
328 }
329 
330 int trace_count(string label, string line) {
331   if (!Trace_stream) return 0;
332   long result = 0;
333   for (vector<trace_line>::iterator p = Trace_stream->past_lines.begin();  p != Trace_stream->past_lines.end();  ++p) {
334     if (label == p->label) {
335       if (line == "" || trim(line) == trim(p->contents))
336         ++result;
337     }
338   }
339   return result;
340 }
341 
342 int trace_count_prefix(string label, string prefix) {
343   if (!Trace_stream) return 0;
344   long result = 0;
345   for (vector<trace_line>::iterator p = Trace_stream->past_lines.begin();  p != Trace_stream->past_lines.end();  ++p) {
346     if (label == p->label) {
347       if (starts_with(trim(p->contents), trim(prefix)))
348         ++result;
349     }
350   }
351   return result;
352 }
353 
354 bool trace_doesnt_contain(string label, string line) {
355   return trace_count(label, line) == 0;
356 }
357 
358 bool trace_doesnt_contain(string expected) {
359   vector<string> tmp = split_first(expected, ": ");
360   if (SIZE(tmp) == 1) {
361     raise << expected << ": missing label or contents in trace line\n" << end();
362     assert(false);
363   }
364   return trace_doesnt_contain(tmp.at(0), tmp.at(1));
365 }
366 
367 vector<string> split(string s, string delim) {
368   vector<string> result;
369   size_t begin=0, end=s.find(delim);
370   while (true) {
371     if (end == string::npos) {
372       result.push_back(string(s, begin, string::npos));
373       break;
374     }
375     result.push_back(string(s, begin, end-begin));
376     begin = end+SIZE(delim);
377     end = s.find(delim, begin);
378   }
379   return result;
380 }
381 
382 vector<string> split_first(string s, string delim) {
383   vector<string> result;
384   size_t end=s.find(delim);
385   result.push_back(string(s, 0, end));
386   if (end != string::npos)
387     result.push_back(string(s, end+SIZE(delim), string::npos));
388   return result;
389 }
390 
391 string trim(const string& s) {
392   string::const_iterator first = s.begin();
393   while (first != s.end() && isspace(*first))
394     ++first;
395   if (first == s.end()) return "";
396 
397   string::const_iterator last = --s.end();
398   while (last != s.begin() && isspace(*last))
399     --last;
400   ++last;
401   return string(first, last);
402 }
403 
404 :(before "End Includes")
405 #include <vector>
406 using std::vector;
407 #include <list>
408 using std::list;
409 #include <set>
410 using std::set;
411 
412 #include <sstream>
413 using std::istringstream;
414 using std::ostringstream;
415 
416 #include <fstream>
417 using std::ifstream;
418 using std::ofstream;