1 //: operating directly on a register
  2 
  3 :(before "End Initialize Op Names")
  4 put_new(Name, "01", "add r32 to rm32 (add)");
  5 
  6 :(scenario add_r32_to_r32)
  7 % Reg[EAX].i = 0x10;
  8 % Reg[EBX].i = 1;
  9 == 0x1
 10 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
 11   01  d8                                      # add EBX to EAX
 12 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 011 (src EBX) 000 (dest EAX)
 13 +run: add EBX to r/m32
 14 +run: r/m32 is EAX
 15 +run: storing 0x00000011
 16 
 17 :(before "End Single-Byte Opcodes")
 18 case 0x01: {  // add r32 to r/m32
 19   uint8_t modrm = next();
 20   uint8_t arg2 = (modrm>>3)&0x7;
 21   trace(90, "run") << "add " << rname(arg2) << " to r/m32" << end();
 22   int32_t* arg1 = effective_address(modrm);
 23   BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP(+, *arg1, Reg[arg2].i);
 24   break;
 25 }
 26 
 27 :(code)
 28 // Implement tables 2-2 and 2-3 in the Intel manual, Volume 2.
 29 // We return a pointer so that instructions can write to multiple bytes in
 30 // 'Mem' at once.
 31 int32_t* effective_address(uint8_t modrm) {
 32   const uint8_t mod = (modrm>>6);
 33   // ignore middle 3 'reg opcode' bits
 34   const uint8_t rm = modrm & 0x7;
 35   if (mod == 3) {
 36     // mod 3 is just register direct addressing
 37     trace(90, "run") << "r/m32 is " << rname(rm) << end();
 38     return &Reg[rm].i;
 39   }
 40   return mem_addr_i32(effective_address_number(modrm));
 41 }
 42 
 43 uint32_t effective_address_number(uint8_t modrm) {
 44   const uint8_t mod = (modrm>>6);
 45   // ignore middle 3 'reg opcode' bits
 46   const uint8_t rm = modrm & 0x7;
 47   uint32_t addr = 0;
 48   switch (mod) {
 49   case 3:
 50     // mod 3 is just register direct addressing
 51     raise << "unexpected direct addressing mode\n" << end();
 52     return 0;
 53   // End Mod Special-cases(addr)
 54   default:
 55     cerr << "unrecognized mod bits: " << NUM(mod) << '\n';
 56     exit(1);
 57   }
 58   //: other mods are indirect, and they'll set addr appropriately
 59   return addr;
 60 }
 61 
 62 string rname(uint8_t r) {
 63   switch (r) {
 64   case 0: return "EAX";
 65   case 1: return "ECX";
 66   case 2: return "EDX";
 67   case 3: return "EBX";
 68   case 4: return "ESP";
 69   case 5: return "EBP";
 70   case 6: return "ESI";
 71   case 7: return "EDI";
 72   default: raise << "invalid register " << r << '\n' << end();  return "";
 73   }
 74 }
 75 
 76 //:: subtract
 77 
 78 :(before "End Initialize Op Names")
 79 put_new(Name, "29", "subtract r32 from rm32 (sub)");
 80 
 81 :(scenario subtract_r32_from_r32)
 82 % Reg[EAX].i = 10;
 83 % Reg[EBX].i = 1;
 84 == 0x1
 85 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
 86   29  d8                                      # subtract EBX from EAX
 87 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 011 (src EBX) 000 (dest EAX)
 88 +run: subtract EBX from r/m32
 89 +run: r/m32 is EAX
 90 +run: storing 0x00000009
 91 
 92 :(before "End Single-Byte Opcodes")
 93 case 0x29: {  // subtract r32 from r/m32
 94   const uint8_t modrm = next();
 95   const uint8_t arg2 = (modrm>>3)&0x7;
 96   trace(90, "run") << "subtract " << rname(arg2) << " from r/m32" << end();
 97   int32_t* arg1 = effective_address(modrm);
 98   BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP(-, *arg1, Reg[arg2].i);
 99   break;
100 }
101 
102 //:: multiply
103 
104 :(before "End Initialize Op Names")
105 put_new(Name, "f7", "negate/multiply rm32 (with EAX if necessary) depending on subop (neg/mul)");
106 
107 :(scenario multiply_eax_by_r32)
108 % Reg[EAX].i = 4;
109 % Reg[ECX].i = 3;
110 == 0x1
111 # op      ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
112   f7      e1                                      # multiply EAX by ECX
113 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 100 (subop mul) 001 (src ECX)
114 +run: operate on r/m32
115 +run: r/m32 is ECX
116 +run: subop: multiply EAX by r/m32
117 +run: storing 0x0000000c
118 
119 :(before "End Single-Byte Opcodes")
120 case 0xf7: {  // xor r32 with r/m32
121   const uint8_t modrm = next();
122   trace(90, "run") << "operate on r/m32" << end();
123   int32_t* arg1 = effective_address(modrm);
124   const uint8_t subop = (modrm>>3)&0x7;  // middle 3 'reg opcode' bits
125   switch (subop) {
126   case 4: {  // mul unsigned EAX by r/m32
127     trace(90, "run") << "subop: multiply EAX by r/m32" << end();
128     const uint64_t result = Reg[EAX].u * static_cast<uint32_t>(*arg1);
129     Reg[EAX].u = result & 0xffffffff;
130     Reg[EDX].u = result >> 32;
131     OF = (Reg[EDX].u != 0);
132     trace(90, "run") << "storing 0x" << HEXWORD << Reg[EAX].u << end();
133     break;
134   }
135   // End Op f7 Subops
136   default:
137     cerr << "unrecognized sub-opcode after f7: " << NUM(subop) << '\n';
138     exit(1);
139   }
140   break;
141 }
142 
143 //:
144 
145 :(before "End Initialize Op Names")
146 put_new(Name_0f, "af", "multiply rm32 into r32 (imul)");
147 
148 :(scenario multiply_r32_into_r32)
149 % Reg[EAX].i = 4;
150 % Reg[EBX].i = 2;
151 == 0x1
152 # op      ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
153   0f af   d8                                      # subtract EBX into EAX
154 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 011 (src EBX) 000 (dest EAX)
155 +run: multiply r/m32 into EBX
156 +run: r/m32 is EAX
157 +run: storing 0x00000008
158 
159 :(before "End Two-Byte Opcodes Starting With 0f")
160 case 0xaf: {  // multiply r32 into r/m32
161   const uint8_t modrm = next();
162   const uint8_t arg2 = (modrm>>3)&0x7;
163   trace(90, "run") << "multiply r/m32 into " << rname(arg2) << end();
164   const int32_t* arg1 = effective_address(modrm);
165   BINARY_ARITHMETIC_OP(*, Reg[arg2].i, *arg1);
166   break;
167 }
168 
169 //:: negate
170 
171 :(scenario negate_r32)
172 % Reg[EBX].i = 1;
173 == 0x1
174 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
175   f7  db                                      # negate EBX
176 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 011 (subop negate) 011 (dest EBX)
177 +run: operate on r/m32
178 +run: r/m32 is EBX
179 +run: subop: negate
180 +run: storing 0xffffffff
181 
182 :(before "End Op f7 Subops")
183 case 3: {  // negate r/m32
184   trace(90, "run") << "subop: negate" << end();
185   // one case that can overflow
186   if (static_cast<uint32_t>(*arg1) == 0x80000000) {
187     trace(90, "run") << "overflow" << end();
188     SF = true;
189     ZF = false;
190     OF = true;
191     break;
192   }
193   *arg1 = -(*arg1);
194   trace(90, "run") << "storing 0x" << HEXWORD << *arg1 << end();
195   SF = (*arg1 >> 31);
196   ZF = (*arg1 == 0);
197   OF = false;
198   break;
199 }
200 
201 :(scenario negate_can_overflow)  // in exactly one situation
202 % Reg[EBX].i = 0x80000000;  // INT_MIN
203 == 0x1
204 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
205   f7  db                                      # negate EBX
206 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 011 (subop negate) 011 (dest EBX)
207 +run: operate on r/m32
208 +run: r/m32 is EBX
209 +run: subop: negate
210 +run: overflow
211 
212 //:: and
213 
214 :(before "End Initialize Op Names")
215 put_new(Name, "21", "rm32 = bitwise AND of r32 with rm32 (and)");
216 
217 :(scenario and_r32_with_r32)
218 % Reg[EAX].i = 0x0a0b0c0d;
219 % Reg[EBX].i = 0x000000ff;
220 == 0x1
221 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
222   21  d8                                      # and EBX with destination EAX
223 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 011 (src EBX) 000 (dest EAX)
224 +run: and EBX with r/m32
225 +run: r/m32 is EAX
226 +run: storing 0x0000000d
227 
228 :(before "End Single-Byte Opcodes")
229 case 0x21: {  // and r32 with r/m32
230   const uint8_t modrm = next();
231   const uint8_t arg2 = (modrm>>3)&0x7;
232   trace(90, "run") << "and " << rname(arg2) << " with r/m32" << end();
233   int32_t* arg1 = effective_address(modrm);
234   BINARY_BITWISE_OP(&, *arg1, Reg[arg2].u);
235   break;
236 }
237 
238 //:: or
239 
240 :(before "End Initialize Op Names")
241 put_new(Name, "09", "rm32 = bitwise OR of r32 with rm32 (or)");
242 
243 :(scenario or_r32_with_r32)
244 % Reg[EAX].i = 0x0a0b0c0d;
245 % Reg[EBX].i = 0xa0b0c0d0;
246 == 0x1
247 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
248   09  d8                                      # or EBX with destination EAX
249 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 011 (src EBX) 000 (dest EAX)
250 +run: or EBX with r/m32
251 +run: r/m32 is EAX
252 +run: storing 0xaabbccdd
253 
254 :(before "End Single-Byte Opcodes")
255 case 0x09: {  // or r32 with r/m32
256   const uint8_t modrm = next();
257   const uint8_t arg2 = (modrm>>3)&0x7;
258   trace(90, "run") << "or " << rname(arg2) << " with r/m32" << end();
259   int32_t* arg1 = effective_address(modrm);
260   BINARY_BITWISE_OP(|, *arg1, Reg[arg2].u);
261   break;
262 }
263 
264 //:: xor
265 
266 :(before "End Initialize Op Names")
267 put_new(Name, "31", "rm32 = bitwise XOR of r32 with rm32 (xor)");
268 
269 :(scenario xor_r32_with_r32)
270 % Reg[EAX].i = 0x0a0b0c0d;
271 % Reg[EBX].i = 0xaabbc0d0;
272 == 0x1
273 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
274   31  d8                                      # xor EBX with destination EAX
275 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 011 (src EBX) 000 (dest EAX)
276 +run: xor EBX with r/m32
277 +run: r/m32 is EAX
278 +run: storing 0xa0b0ccdd
279 
280 :(before "End Single-Byte Opcodes")
281 case 0x31: {  // xor r32 with r/m32
282   const uint8_t modrm = next();
283   const uint8_t arg2 = (modrm>>3)&0x7;
284   trace(90, "run") << "xor " << rname(arg2) << " with r/m32" << end();
285   int32_t* arg1 = effective_address(modrm);
286   BINARY_BITWISE_OP(^, *arg1, Reg[arg2].u);
287   break;
288 }
289 
290 //:: not
291 
292 :(scenario not_r32)
293 % Reg[EBX].i = 0x0f0f00ff;
294 == 0x1
295 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
296   f7  d3                                      # not EBX
297 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 010 (subop not) 011 (dest EBX)
298 +run: operate on r/m32
299 +run: r/m32 is EBX
300 +run: subop: not
301 +run: storing 0xf0f0ff00
302 
303 :(before "End Op f7 Subops")
304 case 2: {  // not r/m32
305   trace(90, "run") << "subop: not" << end();
306   *arg1 = ~(*arg1);
307   trace(90, "run") << "storing 0x" << HEXWORD << *arg1 << end();
308   SF = (*arg1 >> 31);
309   ZF = (*arg1 == 0);
310   OF = false;
311   break;
312 }
313 
314 //:: compare (cmp)
315 
316 :(before "End Initialize Op Names")
317 put_new(Name, "39", "compare: set SF if rm32 < r32 (cmp)");
318 
319 :(scenario compare_r32_with_r32_greater)
320 % Reg[EAX].i = 0x0a0b0c0d;
321 % Reg[EBX].i = 0x0a0b0c07;
322 == 0x1
323 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
324   39  d8                                      # compare EBX with EAX
325 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 011 (src EBX) 000 (dest EAX)
326 +run: compare EBX with r/m32
327 +run: r/m32 is EAX
328 +run: SF=0; ZF=0; OF=0
329 
330 :(before "End Single-Byte Opcodes")
331 case 0x39: {  // set SF if r/m32 < r32
332   const uint8_t modrm = next();
333   const uint8_t reg2 = (modrm>>3)&0x7;
334   trace(90, "run") << "compare " << rname(reg2) << " with r/m32" << end();
335   const int32_t* arg1 = effective_address(modrm);
336   const int32_t arg2 = Reg[reg2].i;
337   const int32_t tmp1 = *arg1 - arg2;
338   SF = (tmp1 < 0);
339   ZF = (tmp1 == 0);
340   const int64_t tmp2 = *arg1 - arg2;
341   OF = (tmp1 != tmp2);
342   trace(90, "run") << "SF=" << SF << "; ZF=" << ZF << "; OF=" << OF << end();
343   break;
344 }
345 
346 :(scenario compare_r32_with_r32_lesser)
347 % Reg[EAX].i = 0x0a0b0c07;
348 % Reg[EBX].i = 0x0a0b0c0d;
349 == 0x1
350 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
351   39  d8                                      # compare EBX with EAX
352 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 011 (src EBX) 000 (dest EAX)
353 +run: compare EBX with r/m32
354 +run: r/m32 is EAX
355 +run: SF=1; ZF=0; OF=0
356 
357 :(scenario compare_r32_with_r32_equal)
358 % Reg[EAX].i = 0x0a0b0c0d;
359 % Reg[EBX].i = 0x0a0b0c0d;
360 == 0x1
361 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
362   39  d8                                      # compare EBX with EAX
363 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 011 (src EBX) 000 (dest EAX)
364 +run: compare EBX with r/m32
365 +run: r/m32 is EAX
366 +run: SF=0; ZF=1; OF=0
367 
368 //:: copy (mov)
369 
370 :(before "End Initialize Op Names")
371 put_new(Name, "89", "copy r32 to rm32 (mov)");
372 
373 :(scenario copy_r32_to_r32)
374 % Reg[EBX].i = 0xaf;
375 == 0x1
376 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
377   89  d8                                      # copy EBX to EAX
378 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 011 (src EBX) 000 (dest EAX)
379 +run: copy EBX to r/m32
380 +run: r/m32 is EAX
381 +run: storing 0x000000af
382 
383 :(before "End Single-Byte Opcodes")
384 case 0x89: {  // copy r32 to r/m32
385   const uint8_t modrm = next();
386   const uint8_t rsrc = (modrm>>3)&0x7;
387   trace(90, "run") << "copy " << rname(rsrc) << " to r/m32" << end();
388   int32_t* dest = effective_address(modrm);
389   *dest = Reg[rsrc].i;
390   trace(90, "run") << "storing 0x" << HEXWORD << *dest << end();
391   break;
392 }
393 
394 //:: xchg
395 
396 :(before "End Initialize Op Names")
397 put_new(Name, "87", "swap the contents of r32 and rm32 (xchg)");
398 
399 :(scenario xchg_r32_with_r32)
400 % Reg[EBX].i = 0xaf;
401 % Reg[EAX].i = 0x2e;
402 == 0x1
403 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
404   87  d8                                      # exchange EBX with EAX
405 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 011 (src EBX) 000 (dest EAX)
406 +run: exchange EBX with r/m32
407 +run: r/m32 is EAX
408 +run: storing 0x000000af in r/m32
409 +run: storing 0x0000002e in EBX
410 
411 :(before "End Single-Byte Opcodes")
412 case 0x87: {  // exchange r32 with r/m32
413   const uint8_t modrm = next();
414   const uint8_t reg2 = (modrm>>3)&0x7;
415   trace(90, "run") << "exchange " << rname(reg2) << " with r/m32" << end();
416   int32_t* arg1 = effective_address(modrm);
417   const int32_t tmp = *arg1;
418   *arg1 = Reg[reg2].i;
419   Reg[reg2].i = tmp;
420   trace(90, "run") << "storing 0x" << HEXWORD << *arg1 << " in r/m32" << end();
421   trace(90, "run") << "storing 0x" << HEXWORD << Reg[reg2].i << " in " << rname(reg2) << end();
422   break;
423 }
424 
425 //:: increment
426 
427 :(before "End Initialize Op Names")
428 put_new(Name, "40", "increment EAX (inc)");
429 put_new(Name, "41", "increment ECX (inc)");
430 put_new(Name, "42", "increment EDX (inc)");
431 put_new(Name, "43", "increment EBX (inc)");
432 put_new(Name, "44", "increment ESP (inc)");
433 put_new(Name, "45", "increment EBP (inc)");
434 put_new(Name, "46", "increment ESI (inc)");
435 put_new(Name, "47", "increment EDI (inc)");
436 
437 :(scenario increment_r32)
438 % Reg[ECX].u = 0x1f;
439 == 0x1  # code segment
440 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
441   41                                          # increment ECX
442 +run: increment ECX
443 +run: storing value 0x00000020
444 
445 :(before "End Single-Byte Opcodes")
446 case 0x40:
447 case 0x41:
448 case 0x42:
449 case 0x43:
450 case 0x44:
451 case 0x45:
452 case 0x46:
453 case 0x47: {  // increment r32
454   const uint8_t reg = op & 0x7;
455   trace(90, "run") << "increment " << rname(reg) << end();
456   ++Reg[reg].u;
457   trace(90, "run") << "storing value 0x" << HEXWORD << Reg[reg].u << end();
458   break;
459 }
460 
461 :(before "End Initialize Op Names")
462 put_new(Name, "ff", "increment/decrement/jump/push/call rm32 based on subop (inc/dec/jmp/push/call)");
463 
464 :(scenario increment_rm32)
465 % Reg[EAX].u = 0x20;
466 == 0x1  # code segment
467 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
468   ff  c0                                      # increment EAX
469 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 000 (subop inc) 000 (EAX)
470 +run: increment r/m32
471 +run: r/m32 is EAX
472 +run: storing value 0x00000021
473 
474 :(before "End Single-Byte Opcodes")
475 case 0xff: {
476   const uint8_t modrm = next();
477   const uint8_t subop = (modrm>>3)&0x7;  // middle 3 'reg opcode' bits
478   switch (subop) {
479     case 0: {  // increment r/m32
480       trace(90, "run") << "increment r/m32" << end();
481       int32_t* arg = effective_address(modrm);
482       ++*arg;
483       trace(90, "run") << "storing value 0x" << HEXWORD << *arg << end();
484       break;
485     }
486     default:
487       cerr << "unrecognized subop for ff: " << HEXBYTE << NUM(subop) << '\n';
488       DUMP("");
489       exit(1);
490     // End Op ff Subops
491   }
492   break;
493 }
494 
495 //:: decrement
496 
497 :(before "End Initialize Op Names")
498 put_new(Name, "48", "decrement EAX (dec)");
499 put_new(Name, "49", "decrement ECX (dec)");
500 put_new(Name, "4a", "decrement EDX (dec)");
501 put_new(Name, "4b", "decrement EBX (dec)");
502 put_new(Name, "4c", "decrement ESP (dec)");
503 put_new(Name, "4d", "decrement EBP (dec)");
504 put_new(Name, "4e", "decrement ESI (dec)");
505 put_new(Name, "4f", "decrement EDI (dec)");
506 
507 :(scenario decrement_r32)
508 % Reg[ECX].u = 0x1f;
509 == 0x1  # code segment
510 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
511   49                                          # decrement ECX
512 +run: decrement ECX
513 +run: storing value 0x0000001e
514 
515 :(before "End Single-Byte Opcodes")
516 case 0x48:
517 case 0x49:
518 case 0x4a:
519 case 0x4b:
520 case 0x4c:
521 case 0x4d:
522 case 0x4e:
523 case 0x4f: {  // decrement r32
524   const uint8_t reg = op & 0x7;
525   trace(90, "run") << "decrement " << rname(reg) << end();
526   --Reg[reg].u;
527   trace(90, "run") << "storing value 0x" << HEXWORD << Reg[reg].u << end();
528   break;
529 }
530 
531 :(scenario decrement_rm32)
532 % Reg[EAX].u = 0x20;
533 == 0x1  # code segment
534 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
535   ff  c8                                      # decrement EAX
536 # ModR/M in binary: 11 (direct mode) 001 (subop inc) 000 (EAX)
537 +run: decrement r/m32
538 +run: r/m32 is EAX
539 +run: storing value 0x0000001f
540 
541 :(before "End Op ff Subops")
542 case 1: {  // decrement r/m32
543   trace(90, "run") << "decrement r/m32" << end();
544   int32_t* arg = effective_address(modrm);
545   --*arg;
546   trace(90, "run") << "storing value 0x" << HEXWORD << *arg << end();
547   break;
548 }
549 
550 //:: push
551 
552 :(before "End Initialize Op Names")
553 put_new(Name, "50", "push EAX to stack (push)");
554 put_new(Name, "51", "push ECX to stack (push)");
555 put_new(Name, "52", "push EDX to stack (push)");
556 put_new(Name, "53", "push EBX to stack (push)");
557 put_new(Name, "54", "push ESP to stack (push)");
558 put_new(Name, "55", "push EBP to stack (push)");
559 put_new(Name, "56", "push ESI to stack (push)");
560 put_new(Name, "57", "push EDI to stack (push)");
561 
562 :(scenario push_r32)
563 % Reg[ESP].u = 0x64;
564 % Reg[EBX].i = 0x0000000a;
565 == 0x1
566 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
567   53                                          # push EBX to stack
568 +run: push EBX
569 +run: decrementing ESP to 0x00000060
570 +run: pushing value 0x0000000a
571 
572 :(before "End Single-Byte Opcodes")
573 case 0x50:
574 case 0x51:
575 case 0x52:
576 case 0x53:
577 case 0x54:
578 case 0x55:
579 case 0x56:
580 case 0x57: {  // push r32 to stack
581   uint8_t reg = op & 0x7;
582   trace(90, "run") << "push " << rname(reg) << end();
583 //?   cerr << "push: " << NUM(reg) << ": " << Reg[reg].u << " => " << Reg[ESP].u << '\n';
584   push(Reg[reg].u);
585   break;
586 }
587 
588 //:: pop
589 
590 :(before "End Initialize Op Names")
591 put_new(Name, "58", "pop top of stack to EAX (pop)");
592 put_new(Name, "59", "pop top of stack to ECX (pop)");
593 put_new(Name, "5a", "pop top of stack to EDX (pop)");
594 put_new(Name, "5b", "pop top of stack to EBX (pop)");
595 put_new(Name, "5c", "pop top of stack to ESP (pop)");
596 put_new(Name, "5d", "pop top of stack to EBP (pop)");
597 put_new(Name, "5e", "pop top of stack to ESI (pop)");
598 put_new(Name, "5f", "pop top of stack to EDI (pop)");
599 
600 :(scenario pop_r32)
601 % Reg[ESP].u = 0x02000000;
602 % Mem.push_back(vma(0x02000000));  // manually allocate memory
603 % write_mem_i32(0x02000000, 0x0000000a);  // ..before this write
604 == 0x1  # code segment
605 # op  ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
606   5b                                          # pop stack to EBX
607 == 0x2000  # data segment
608 0a 00 00 00  # 0x0a
609 +run: pop into EBX
610 +run: popping value 0x0000000a
611 +run: incrementing ESP to 0x02000004
612 
613 :(before "End Single-Byte Opcodes")
614 case 0x58:
615 case 0x59:
616 case 0x5a:
617 case 0x5b:
618 case 0x5c:
619 case 0x5d:
620 case 0x5e:
621 case 0x5f: {  // pop stack into r32
622   const uint8_t reg = op & 0x7;
623   trace(90, "run") << "pop into " << rname(reg) << end();
624 //?   cerr << "pop from " << Reg[ESP].u << '\n';
625   Reg[reg].u = pop();
626 //?   cerr << "=> " << NUM(reg) << ": " << Reg[reg].u << '\n';
627   break;
628 }
629 :(code)
630 uint32_t pop() {
631   const uint32_t result = read_mem_u32(Reg[ESP].u);
632   trace(90, "run") << "popping value 0x" << HEXWORD << result << end();
633   Reg[ESP].u += 4;
634   trace(90, "run") << "incrementing ESP to 0x" << HEXWORD << Reg[ESP].u << end();
635   return result;
636 }