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<span class="Comment">//: Update refcounts when copying addresses.</span>
<span class="Comment">//: The top of the address layer has more on refcounts.</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario refcounts)</span>
def main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1000</span>/unsafe
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
]
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- copy {1000: &quot;literal&quot;, &quot;unsafe&quot;: ()}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 0 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {2: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- copy {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 1 -&gt; 2</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- copy {0: &quot;literal&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: decrementing refcount of 1000: 2 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {2: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- copy {0: &quot;literal&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: decrementing refcount of 1000: 1 -&gt; 0</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End write_memory(x) Special-cases&quot;)</span>
<span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>should_update_refcounts_in_write_memory<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product_index<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_mu_address<span class="Delimiter">(</span>x<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>scalar<span class="Delimiter">(</span>data<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
    assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>value<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
    assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>!x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>metadata<span class="Delimiter">.</span>size<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
    update_refcounts<span class="Delimiter">(</span>x<span class="Delimiter">,</span> data<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Comment">// End Update Refcounts in write_memory(x)</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
<span class="Comment">//: hook for a later layer</span>
<span class="Normal">bool</span> should_update_refcounts_in_write_memory<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> product_index<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">true</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>

<span class="Normal">void</span> update_refcounts<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> reagent&amp; old<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">int</span> new_address<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_mu_address<span class="Delimiter">(</span>old<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
  update_refcounts<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> old<span class="Delimiter">.</span>value<span class="Delimiter">),</span> new_address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> old<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">,</span> payload_size<span class="Delimiter">(</span>old<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>

<span class="Normal">void</span> update_refcounts<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">int</span> old_address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">int</span> new_address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">const</span> type_tree* payload_type<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Normal">int</span> <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">just in case it's an array</span><span class="Comment">*/</span>payload_size<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>old_address == new_address<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;copying address to itself; refcount unchanged&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">return</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Comment">// decrement refcount of old address</span>
  assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>old_address &gt;= <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>old_address<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="Normal">int</span> old_refcount = get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> old_address<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
    trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;decrementing refcount of &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; old_address &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; old_refcount &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; -&gt; &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Delimiter">(</span>old_refcount-<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    --old_refcount<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
    put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> old_address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> old_refcount<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
    <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>old_refcount &lt; <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
      tb_shutdown<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
      DUMP<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
      cerr &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;Negative refcount: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; old_address &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">' '</span> &lt;&lt; old_refcount &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
      exit<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
    <span class="Comment">// End Decrement Reference Count(old_address, payload_type, payload_size)</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Comment">// increment refcount of new address</span>
  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>new_address<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="Normal">int</span> new_refcount = get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> new_address<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
    assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>new_refcount &gt;= <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// == 0 only when new_address == old_address</span>
    trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9999</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;mem&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;incrementing refcount of &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; new_address &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;: &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; new_refcount &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; -&gt; &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Delimiter">(</span>new_refcount+<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> new_address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> new_refcount+<span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>

<span class="Normal">int</span> payload_size<span class="Delimiter">(</span>reagent<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">copy</span><span class="Comment">*/</span> x<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>properties<span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>pair&lt;string<span class="Delimiter">,</span> string_tree*&gt;<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">&quot;lookup&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">NULL</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
  lookup_memory_core<span class="Delimiter">(</span>x<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  <span class="Identifier">return</span> size_of<span class="Delimiter">(</span>x<span class="Delimiter">)</span> + <span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">refcount</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario refcounts_reflexive)</span>
def main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> number:type
  <span class="Comment"># idempotent copies leave refcount unchanged</span>
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number
]
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- new {number: &quot;type&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 0 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- copy {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: copying address to itself; refcount unchanged</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario refcounts_call)</span>
def main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> number:type
  <span class="Comment"># passing in addresses to recipes increments refcount</span>
  foo <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number
  <span class="Comment"># return does NOT yet decrement refcount; memory must be explicitly managed</span>
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> number:type
]
def foo [
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>next-ingredient
]
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- new {number: &quot;type&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 0 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {2: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- next-ingredient</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 1 -&gt; 2</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- new {number: &quot;type&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: decrementing refcount of 1000: 2 -&gt; 1</span>

<span class="Comment">//: fix up any instructions that don't follow the usual flow of read_memory</span>
<span class="Comment">//: before the RUN switch, and write_memory after</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario refcounts_put)</span>
container foo [
  <span class="Normal">x</span>:address:number
]
def main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> number:type
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> foo:type
  *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>put *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:foo<span class="Delimiter">,</span> x:offset<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number
]
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- new {number: &quot;type&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 0 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {2: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;foo&quot;)} &lt;- new {foo: &quot;type&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1002: 0 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {2: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;foo&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()} &lt;- put {2: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;foo&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()}, {x: &quot;offset&quot;}, {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)}</span>
<span class="Comment"># put increments refcount</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 1 -&gt; 2</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(after &quot;Write Memory in PUT in Run&quot;)</span>
reagent<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">copy</span><span class="Comment">*/</span> element = element_type<span class="Delimiter">(</span>base<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">,</span> offset<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
assert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>!has_property<span class="Delimiter">(</span>element<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;lookup&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
element<span class="Delimiter">.</span>value = address<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_mu_address<span class="Delimiter">(</span>element<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
  update_refcounts<span class="Delimiter">(</span>element<span class="Delimiter">,</span> ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span class="Comment">// End Update Refcounts in PUT</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario refcounts_put_index)</span>
def main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> number:type
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> <span class="Delimiter">{(</span>address number<span class="Delimiter">)</span>: type<span class="Delimiter">},</span> <span class="Constant">3</span>
  *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>put-index *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:array:address:number<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number
]
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- new {number: &quot;type&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 0 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {2: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;array&quot; &quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- new {(address number): &quot;type&quot;}, {3: &quot;literal&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1002: 0 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {2: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;array&quot; &quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()} &lt;- put-index {2: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;array&quot; &quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()}, {0: &quot;literal&quot;}, {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)}</span>
<span class="Comment"># put-index increments refcount</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 1 -&gt; 2</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(after &quot;Write Memory in PUT_INDEX in Run&quot;)</span>
<span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_mu_address<span class="Delimiter">(</span>element<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
  update_refcounts<span class="Delimiter">(</span>element<span class="Delimiter">,</span> value<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span class="Comment">// End Update Refcounts in PUT_INDEX</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario refcounts_maybe_convert)</span>
exclusive-container foo [
  <span class="Normal">x</span>:number
  <span class="Normal">p</span>:address:number
]
def main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> number:type
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge <span class="Constant">1</span>/p<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:address:number<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">5</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>maybe-convert <span class="Constant">2</span>:foo<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>:variant/p
]
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- new {number: &quot;type&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 0 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="Comment"># merging in an address increments refcount</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {2: &quot;foo&quot;} &lt;- merge {1: &quot;literal&quot;, &quot;p&quot;: ()}, {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 1 -&gt; 2</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {4: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)}, {5: &quot;boolean&quot;} &lt;- maybe-convert {2: &quot;foo&quot;}, {1: &quot;variant&quot;, &quot;p&quot;: ()}</span>
<span class="Comment"># maybe-convert increments refcount on success</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 2 -&gt; 3</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(after &quot;Write Memory in Successful MAYBE_CONVERT&quot;)</span>
<span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>is_mu_address<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">))</span>
  update_refcounts<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">,</span> get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> base_address+<span class="Comment">/*</span><span class="Comment">skip tag</span><span class="Comment">*/</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span class="Comment">// End Update Refcounts in Successful MAYBE_CONVERT</span>

<span class="SalientComment">//:: manage refcounts in instructions that copy multiple locations at a time</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario refcounts_copy_nested)</span>
container foo [
  <span class="Normal">x</span>:address:number  <span class="Comment"># address inside container</span>
]
def main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> number:type
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> foo:type
  *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>put *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:foo<span class="Delimiter">,</span> x:offset<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:foo
]
<span class="traceContains">+transform: compute address offsets for container foo</span>
<span class="traceContains">+transform: checking container foo, element 0</span>
<span class="traceContains">+transform: address at offset 0</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- new {number: &quot;type&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 0 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {2: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;foo&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()} &lt;- put {2: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;foo&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()}, {x: &quot;offset&quot;}, {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 1 -&gt; 2</span>
<span class="Comment"># copying a container increments refcounts of any contained addresses</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {3: &quot;foo&quot;} &lt;- copy {2: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;foo&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 2 -&gt; 3</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(after &quot;End type_tree Definition&quot;)</span>
<span class="Normal">struct</span> address_element_info <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  <span class="Normal">int</span> offset<span class="Delimiter">;</span>  <span class="Comment">// where inside a container type (after flattening nested containers!) the address lies</span>
  <span class="Normal">const</span> type_tree* payload_type<span class="Delimiter">;</span>  <span class="Comment">// all the information we need to compute sizes of items inside an address inside<style>pre { line-height: 125%; }
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.highlight .il { color: #0000DD; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */</style><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span># some primitives for checking stream contents

== code
#   instruction                     effective address                                                   register    displacement    immediate
# . op          subop               mod             rm32          base        index         scale       r32
# . 1-3 bytes   3 bits              2 bits          3 bits        3 bits      3 bits        2 bits      2 bits      0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes

#? Entry:  # run a single test, while debugging
#?     e8/call test-next-stream-line-equal-stops-at-newline/disp32
#?     # syscall(exit, Num-test-failures)
#?     8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  5/rm32/.disp32            .             .           3/r32/EBX   Num-test-failures/disp32          # copy *Num-test-failures to EBX
#?     b8/copy-to-EAX  1/imm32/exit
#?     cd/syscall  0x80/imm8

# compare all the data in a stream (ignoring the read pointer)
stream-data-equal?:  # f : (address stream), s : (address string) -&gt; EAX : boolean
    # . prolog
    55/push-EBP
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
    # . save registers
    51/push-ECX
    52/push-EDX
    56/push-ESI
    57/push-EDI
    # ESI = f
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           6/r32/ESI   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(EBP+8) to ESI
    # EAX = f-&gt;write
    8b/copy                         0/mod/indirect  6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           0/r32/EAX   .               .                 # copy *ESI to EAX
    # max/EDX = f-&gt;data + f-&gt;write
    8d/copy-address                 1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    6/base/ESI  0/index/EAX   .           2/r32/EDX   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy ESI+EAX+12 to EDX
    # currf/ESI = f-&gt;data
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESI
    # EDI = s
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           7/r32/EDI   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(EBP+12) to EDI
    # if (f-&gt;write != s-&gt;length) return false
    39/compare                      0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/EDI    .           .             .           0/r32/EAX   .               .                 # compare *EDI and EAX
    75/jump-if-not-equal  $stream-data-equal?:false/disp8
    # currs/EDI = s-&gt;data
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    7/rm32/EDI    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to EDI
    # EAX = ECX = 0
    31/xor                          3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           0/r32/EAX   .               .                 # clear EAX
    31/xor                          3/mod/direct    1/rm32/ECX    .           .             .           1/r32/ECX   .               .                 # clear ECX
$stream-data-equal?:loop:
    # if (curr &gt;= max) return true
    39/compare                      3/mod/direct    6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           2/r32/EDX   .               .                 # compare ESI with EDX
    7d/jump-if-greater-or-equal  $stream-data-equal?:true/disp8
    # AL = *currs
    8a/copy-byte                    0/mod/indirect  6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           0/r32/AL    .               .                 # copy byte at *ESI to AL
    # CL = *curr
    8a/copy-byte                    0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/EDI    .           .             .           1/r32/CL    .               .                 # copy byte at *EDI to CL
    # if (EAX != ECX) return false
    39/compare                      3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           1/r32/ECX   .               .                 # compare EAX and ECX
    75/jump-if-not-equal  $stream-data-equal?:false/disp8
    # ++f
    46/increment-ESI
    # ++curr
    47/increment-EDI
    eb/jump $stream-data-equal?:loop/disp8
$stream-data-equal?:false:
    b8/copy-to-EAX  0/imm32
    eb/jump  $stream-data-equal?:end/disp8
$stream-data-equal?:true:
    b8/copy-to-EAX  1/imm32
$stream-data-equal?:end:
    # . restore registers
    5f/pop-to-EDI
    5e/pop-to-ESI
    5a/pop-to-EDX
    59/pop-to-ECX
    # . epilog
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
    5d/pop-to-EBP
    c3/return

test-stream-data-equal:
    # . prolog
    55/push-EBP
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
    # clear-stream(_test-stream)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # write(_test-stream, &quot;Abc&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;Abc&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  write/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # EAX = stream-data-equal?(_test-stream, &quot;Abc&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;Abc&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  stream-data-equal?/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # check-ints-equal(EAX, 1, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;F - test-stream-data-equal&quot;/imm32
    68/push  1/imm32
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
    # . epilog
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
    5d/pop-to-EBP
    c3/return

test-stream-data-equal-2:
    # . prolog
    55/push-EBP
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
    # clear-stream(_test-stream)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # write(_test-stream, &quot;Abc&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;Abc&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  write/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # EAX = stream-data-equal?(_test-stream, &quot;Abd&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;Abd&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  stream-data-equal?/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # check-ints-equal(EAX, 0, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;F - test-stream-data-equal-2&quot;/imm32
    68/push  0/imm32
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
    # . epilog
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
    5d/pop-to-EBP
    c3/return

test-stream-data-equal-length-check:
    # . prolog
    55/push-EBP
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
    # clear-stream(_test-stream)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # write(_test-stream, &quot;Abc&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;Abc&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  write/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # EAX = stream-data-equal?(_test-stream, &quot;Abcd&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;Abcd&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  stream-data-equal?/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # check-ints-equal(EAX, 0, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;F - test-stream-data-equal-length-check&quot;/imm32
    68/push  0/imm32
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
    # . epilog
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
    5d/pop-to-EBP
    c3/return

# helper for later tests
check-stream-equal:  # f : (address stream), s : (address string), msg : (address string)
    # . prolog
    55/push-EBP
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
    # . save registers
    50/push-EAX
    # EAX = stream-data-equal?(f, s)
    # . . push args
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(EBP+12)
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         .                 # push *(EBP+8)
    # . . call
    e8/call  stream-data-equal?/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # check-ints-equal(EAX, 1, msg)
    # . . push args
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(EBP+16)
    68/push  1/imm32
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
$check-stream-equal:end:
    # . restore registers
    58/pop-to-EAX
    # . epilog
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
    5d/pop-to-EBP
    c3/return

# scan the next line until newline starting from f-&gt;read and compare it with
# &#39;s&#39; (ignoring the trailing newline)
# on success, set f-&gt;read to after the next newline
# on failure, leave f-&gt;read unmodified
# this function is usually used only in tests, so we repeatedly write f-&gt;read
next-stream-line-equal?:  # f : (address stream), s : (address string) -&gt; EAX : boolean
    # pseudocode:
    #   currf = f-&gt;read  # bound: f-&gt;write
    #   currs = 0  # bound : s-&gt;length
    #   while true
    #     if currf &gt;= f-&gt;write
    #       return currs &gt;= s-&gt;length
    #     if f[currf] == &#39;\n&#39;
    #       ++currf
    #       return currs &gt;= s-&gt;length
    #     if (currs &gt;= s-&gt;length) return false  # the current line of f still has data to match
    #     if (f[currf] != s[currs]) return false
    #     ++currf
    #     ++currs
    #
    # collapsing the two branches that can return true:
    #   currf = f-&gt;read  # bound: f-&gt;write
    #   currs = 0  # bound : s-&gt;length
    #   while true
    #     if (currf &gt;= f-&gt;write) break
    #     if (f[currf] == &#39;\n&#39;) break
    #     if (currs &gt;= s-&gt;length) return false  # the current line of f still has data to match
    #     if (f[currf] != s[currs]) return false
    #     ++currf
    #     ++currs
    #   ++currf  # skip &#39;\n&#39;
    #   return currs &gt;= s-&gt;length
    # Here the final `++currf` is sometimes unnecessary (if we&#39;re already at the end of the stream)
    #
    # registers:
    #   f: ESI
    #   s: EDI
    #   currf: ECX
    #   currs: EDX
    #   f[currf]: EAX
    #   s[currs]: EBX
    #
    # . prolog
    55/push-EBP
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
    # . save registers
    51/push-ECX
    52/push-EDX
    56/push-ESI
    57/push-EDI
    # ESI = f
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           6/r32/ESI   8/disp8         .                 # copy *(EBP+8) to ESI
    # currf/ECX = f-&gt;read
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           1/r32/ECX   4/disp8         .                 # copy *(ESI+4) to ECX
    # EDI = s
    8b/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           7/r32/EDI   0xc/disp8       .                 # copy *(EBP+12) to EDI
    # currs/EDX = 0
    31/xor                          3/mod/direct    2/rm32/EDX    .           .             .           2/r32/EDX   .               .                 # clear EDX
    # EAX = EBX = 0
    31/xor                          3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           0/r32/EAX   .               .                 # clear EAX
    31/xor                          3/mod/direct    3/rm32/EBX    .           .             .           3/r32/EBX   .               .                 # clear EBX
$next-stream-line-equal?:loop:
    # if (currf &gt;= f-&gt;write) break
    3b/compare                      0/mod/indirect  6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           1/r32/ECX   .               .                 # compare ECX with *ESI
    7d/jump-if-greater-or-equal  $next-stream-line-equal?:break/disp8
    # AL = *(f-&gt;data + f-&gt;read)
    8a/copy-byte                    1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    6/base/ESI  1/index/ECX   .           0/r32/AL    0xc/disp8       .                 # copy byte at *(ESI+ECX+12) to AL
    # if (EAX == &#39;\n&#39;) break
    3d/compare-EAX-and  0xa/imm32/newline
    74/jump-if-equal  $next-stream-line-equal?:break/disp8
    # if (currs &gt;= s-&gt;length) return false
    3b/compare                      0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/EDI    .           .             .           2/r32/EDX   .               .                 # compare EDX with *EDI
    7d/jump-if-greater-or-equal  $next-stream-line-equal?:false/disp8
    # BL = *(s-&gt;data + currs)
    8a/copy-byte                    1/mod/*+disp8   4/rm32/sib    7/base/EDI  2/index/EDX   .           3/r32/BL    4/disp8         .                 # copy byte at *(EDI+EDX+4) to BL
    # if (EAX != EBX) return false
    39/compare                      3/mod/direct    0/rm32/EAX    .           .             .           3/r32/EBX   .               .                 # compare EAX and EBX
    75/jump-if-not-equal  $next-stream-line-equal?:false/disp8
    # ++currf
    41/increment-ECX
    # ++currs
    42/increment-EDX
    eb/jump $next-stream-line-equal?:loop/disp8
$next-stream-line-equal?:break:
    # ++currf
    41/increment-ECX
    # if (currs &gt;= s-&gt;length) return true
    3b/compare                      0/mod/indirect  7/rm32/EDI    .           .             .           2/r32/EDX   .               .                 # compare EDX with *EDI
    7c/jump-if-lesser  $next-stream-line-equal?:false/disp8
$next-stream-line-equal?:true:
    b8/copy-to-EAX  1/imm32
    # persist f-&gt;read on success
    89/copy                         1/mod/*+disp8   6/rm32/ESI    .           .             .           1/r32/ECX   4/disp8         .                 # copy ECX to *(ESI+4)
    eb/jump  $next-stream-line-equal?:end/disp8
$next-stream-line-equal?:false:
    b8/copy-to-EAX  0/imm32
$next-stream-line-equal?:end:
    # . restore registers
    5f/pop-to-EDI
    5e/pop-to-ESI
    5a/pop-to-EDX
    59/pop-to-ECX
    # . epilog
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
    5d/pop-to-EBP
    c3/return

test-next-stream-line-equal-stops-at-newline:
    # . prolog
    55/push-EBP
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
    # clear-stream(_test-stream)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # write(_test-stream, &quot;Abc\ndef&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;Abc\ndef&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  write/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # EAX = next-stream-line-equal?(_test-stream, &quot;Abc&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;Abc&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  next-stream-line-equal?/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # check-ints-equal(EAX, 1, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;F - test-next-stream-line-equal-stops-at-newline&quot;/imm32
    68/push  1/imm32
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
    # . epilog
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
    5d/pop-to-EBP
    c3/return

test-next-stream-line-equal-stops-at-newline-2:
    # . prolog
    55/push-EBP
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
    # clear-stream(_test-stream)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # write(_test-stream, &quot;Abc\ndef&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;Abc\ndef&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  write/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # EAX = next-stream-line-equal?(_test-stream, &quot;def&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;def&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  next-stream-line-equal?/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # check-ints-equal(EAX, 0, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;F - test-next-stream-line-equal-stops-at-newline-2&quot;/imm32
    68/push  0/imm32
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
    # . epilog
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
    5d/pop-to-EBP
    c3/return

test-next-stream-line-equal-skips-newline:
    # . prolog
    55/push-EBP
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
    # clear-stream(_test-stream)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # write(_test-stream, &quot;Abc\ndef\n&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;Abc\ndef\n&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  write/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # next-stream-line-equal?(_test-stream, &quot;Abc&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;Abc&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  next-stream-line-equal?/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # EAX = next-stream-line-equal?(_test-stream, &quot;def&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;def&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  next-stream-line-equal?/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # check-ints-equal(EAX, 1, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;F - test-next-stream-line-equal-skips-newline&quot;/imm32
    68/push  1/imm32
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
    # . epilog
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
    5d/pop-to-EBP
    c3/return

test-next-stream-line-equal-handles-final-line:
    # . prolog
    55/push-EBP
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
    # clear-stream(_test-stream)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # write(_test-stream, &quot;Abc\ndef&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;Abc\ndef&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  write/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # next-stream-line-equal?(_test-stream, &quot;Abc&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;Abc&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  next-stream-line-equal?/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # EAX = next-stream-line-equal?(_test-stream, &quot;def&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;def&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  next-stream-line-equal?/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # check-ints-equal(EAX, 1, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;F - test-next-stream-line-equal-skips-newline&quot;/imm32
    68/push  1/imm32
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
    # . epilog
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
    5d/pop-to-EBP
    c3/return

test-next-stream-line-equal-always-fails-after-Eof:
    # . prolog
    55/push-EBP
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
    # clear-stream(_test-stream)
    # . . push args
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  clear-stream/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               4/imm32           # add to ESP
    # write nothing
    # EAX = next-stream-line-equal?(_test-stream, &quot;&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  next-stream-line-equal?/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # check-ints-equal(EAX, 0, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;F - test-next-stream-line-equal-always-fails-after-Eof&quot;/imm32
    68/push  1/imm32
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
    # EAX = next-stream-line-equal?(_test-stream, &quot;&quot;)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;&quot;/imm32
    68/push  _test-stream/imm32
    # . . call
    e8/call  next-stream-line-equal?/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # check-ints-equal(EAX, 0, msg)
    # . . push args
    68/push  &quot;F - test-next-stream-line-equal-always-fails-after-Eof/2&quot;/imm32
    68/push  1/imm32
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
    # . epilog
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
    5d/pop-to-EBP
    c3/return

# helper for later tests
check-next-stream-line-equal:
    # . prolog
    55/push-EBP
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           4/r32/ESP   .               .                 # copy ESP to EBP
    # . save registers
    50/push-EAX
    # EAX = next-stream-line-equal?(f, s)
    # . . push args
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0xc/disp8       .                 # push *(EBP+12)
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           8/disp8         .                 # push *(EBP+8)
    # . . call
    e8/call  next-stream-line-equal?/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               8/imm32           # add to ESP
    # check-ints-equal(EAX, 1, msg)
    # . . push args
    ff          6/subop/push        1/mod/*+disp8   5/rm32/EBP    .           .             .           .           0x10/disp8      .                 # push *(EBP+16)
    68/push  1/imm32
    50/push-EAX
    # . . call
    e8/call  check-ints-equal/disp32
    # . . discard args
    81          0/subop/add         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           .           .               0xc/imm32         # add to ESP
    # . restore registers
    58/pop-to-EAX
    # . epilog
    89/copy                         3/mod/direct    4/rm32/ESP    .           .             .           5/r32/EBP   .               .                 # copy EBP to ESP
    5d/pop-to-EBP
    c3/return

# . . vim:nowrap:textwidth=0
</pre></div>
</code></pre></td></tr></table>
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"Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario refcounts_put_container)</span>
container foo [
  <span class="Normal">a</span>:bar  <span class="Comment"># contains an address</span>
]
container bar [
  <span class="Normal">x</span>:address:number
]
def main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> number:type
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:bar<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> foo:type
  *<span class="Constant">3</span>:address:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>put *<span class="Constant">3</span>:address:foo<span class="Delimiter">,</span> a:offset<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">2</span>:bar
]
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- new {number: &quot;type&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 0 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {2: &quot;bar&quot;} &lt;- merge {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 1 -&gt; 2</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {3: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;foo&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()} &lt;- put {3: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;foo&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()}, {a: &quot;offset&quot;}, {2: &quot;bar&quot;}</span>
<span class="Comment"># put increments refcount inside container</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 2 -&gt; 3</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario refcounts_put_index_container)</span>
container bar [
  <span class="Normal">x</span>:address:number
]
def main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> number:type
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:bar<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:array:bar<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> bar:type<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">3</span>
  *<span class="Constant">3</span>:address:array:bar<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>put-index *<span class="Constant">3</span>:address:array:bar<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">2</span>:bar
]
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- new {number: &quot;type&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 0 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {2: &quot;bar&quot;} &lt;- merge {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 1 -&gt; 2</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {3: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;array&quot; &quot;bar&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()} &lt;- put-index {3: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;array&quot; &quot;bar&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()}, {0: &quot;literal&quot;}, {2: &quot;bar&quot;}</span>
<span class="Comment"># put-index increments refcount inside container</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 2 -&gt; 3</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario refcounts_maybe_convert_container)</span>
exclusive-container foo [
  <span class="Normal">a</span>:number
  <span class="Normal">b</span>:bar  <span class="Comment"># contains an address</span>
]
container bar [
  <span class="Normal">x</span>:address:number
]
def main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> number:type
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:bar<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge <span class="Constant">1</span>/b<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">2</span>:bar
  <span class="Constant">5</span>:bar<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">6</span>:boolean<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>maybe-convert <span class="Constant">3</span>:foo<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>:variant/b
]
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- new {number: &quot;type&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 0 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {2: &quot;bar&quot;} &lt;- merge {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 1 -&gt; 2</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {3: &quot;foo&quot;} &lt;- merge {1: &quot;literal&quot;, &quot;b&quot;: ()}, {2: &quot;bar&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 2 -&gt; 3</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {5: &quot;bar&quot;}, {6: &quot;boolean&quot;} &lt;- maybe-convert {3: &quot;foo&quot;}, {1: &quot;variant&quot;, &quot;b&quot;: ()}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 3 -&gt; 4</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario refcounts_copy_doubly_nested)</span>
container foo [
  <span class="Normal">a</span>:bar  <span class="Comment"># no addresses</span>
  <span class="Normal">b</span>:curr  <span class="Comment"># contains addresses</span>
]
container bar [
  <span class="Normal">x</span>:number
  <span class="Normal">y</span>:number
]
container curr [
  <span class="Normal">x</span>:number
  <span class="Normal">y</span>:address:number  <span class="Comment"># address inside container inside container</span>
]
def main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> number:type
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:address:curr<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> curr:type
  *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:curr<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>put *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:curr<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>:offset/y<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:address:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> foo:type
  *<span class="Constant">3</span>:address:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>put *<span class="Constant">3</span>:address:foo<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>:offset/b<span class="Delimiter">,</span> *<span class="Constant">2</span>:address:curr
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">3</span>:address:foo
]
<span class="traceContains">+transform: compute address offsets for container foo</span>
<span class="traceContains">+transform: checking container foo, element 1</span>
<span class="traceContains">+transform: address at offset 3</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- new {number: &quot;type&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 0 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="Comment"># storing an address in a container updates its refcount</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {2: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;curr&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()} &lt;- put {2: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;curr&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()}, {1: &quot;offset&quot;, &quot;y&quot;: ()}, {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 1 -&gt; 2</span>
<span class="Comment"># storing a container in a container updates refcounts of any contained addresses</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {3: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;foo&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()} &lt;- put {3: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;foo&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()}, {1: &quot;offset&quot;, &quot;b&quot;: ()}, {2: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;curr&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 2 -&gt; 3</span>
<span class="Comment"># copying a container containing a container containing an address updates refcount</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {4: &quot;foo&quot;} &lt;- copy {3: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;foo&quot;), &quot;lookup&quot;: ()}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 3 -&gt; 4</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario refcounts_copy_exclusive_container_within_container)</span>
container foo [
  <span class="Normal">a</span>:number
  <span class="Normal">b</span>:bar
]
exclusive-container bar [
  <span class="Normal">x</span>:number
  <span class="Normal">y</span>:number
  <span class="Normal">z</span>:address:number
]
def main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> number:type
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:bar<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge <span class="Constant">0</span>/x<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">34</span>
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge <span class="Constant">12</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">2</span>:bar
  <span class="Constant">5</span>:bar<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge <span class="Constant">1</span>/y<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">35</span>
  <span class="Constant">6</span>:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge <span class="Constant">13</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">5</span>:bar
  <span class="Constant">8</span>:bar<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge <span class="Constant">2</span>/z<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number
  <span class="Constant">9</span>:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge <span class="Constant">14</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">8</span>:bar
  <span class="Constant">11</span>:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">9</span>:foo
]
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- new {number: &quot;type&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 0 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="Comment"># no change while merging items of other types</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {8: &quot;bar&quot;} &lt;- merge {2: &quot;literal&quot;, &quot;z&quot;: ()}, {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 1 -&gt; 2</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {9: &quot;foo&quot;} &lt;- merge {14: &quot;literal&quot;}, {8: &quot;bar&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 2 -&gt; 3</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {11: &quot;foo&quot;} &lt;- copy {9: &quot;foo&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 3 -&gt; 4</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario refcounts_copy_container_within_exclusive_container)</span>
exclusive-container foo [
  <span class="Normal">a</span>:number
  <span class="Normal">b</span>:bar
]
container bar [
  <span class="Normal">x</span>:number
  <span class="Normal">y</span>:number
  <span class="Normal">z</span>:address:number
]
def main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> number:type
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge <span class="Constant">0</span>/a<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">34</span>
  <span class="Constant">6</span>:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge <span class="Constant">0</span>/a<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">35</span>
  <span class="Constant">10</span>:bar<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge <span class="Constant">2</span>/x<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">15</span>/y<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number
  <span class="Constant">13</span>:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge <span class="Constant">1</span>/b<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">10</span>:bar
  <span class="Constant">17</span>:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">13</span>:foo
]
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- new {number: &quot;type&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 0 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="Comment"># no change while merging items of other types</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {10: &quot;bar&quot;} &lt;- merge {2: &quot;literal&quot;, &quot;x&quot;: ()}, {15: &quot;literal&quot;, &quot;y&quot;: ()}, {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 1 -&gt; 2</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {13: &quot;foo&quot;} &lt;- merge {1: &quot;literal&quot;, &quot;b&quot;: ()}, {10: &quot;bar&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 2 -&gt; 3</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {17: &quot;foo&quot;} &lt;- copy {13: &quot;foo&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 3 -&gt; 4</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario refcounts_copy_exclusive_container_within_exclusive_container)</span>
exclusive-container foo [
  <span class="Normal">a</span>:number
  <span class="Normal">b</span>:bar
]
exclusive-container bar [
  <span class="Normal">x</span>:number
  <span class="Normal">y</span>:address:number
]
def main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span><span class="Normal">new</span> number:type
  <span class="Constant">10</span>:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>merge <span class="Constant">1</span>/b<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>/y<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>:address:number
  <span class="Constant">20</span>:foo<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">10</span>:foo
]
<span class="traceContains">+run: {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)} &lt;- new {number: &quot;type&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 0 -&gt; 1</span>
<span class="Comment"># no change while merging items of other types</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {10: &quot;foo&quot;} &lt;- merge {1: &quot;literal&quot;, &quot;b&quot;: ()}, {1: &quot;literal&quot;, &quot;y&quot;: ()}, {1: (&quot;address&quot; &quot;number&quot;)}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 1 -&gt; 2</span>
<span class="traceContains">+run: {20: &quot;foo&quot;} &lt;- copy {10: &quot;foo&quot;}</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: incrementing refcount of 1000: 2 -&gt; 3</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
<span class="Normal">bool</span> is_mu_container<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> reagent&amp; r<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  <span class="Identifier">return</span> is_mu_container<span class="Delimiter">(</span>r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span class="Normal">bool</span> is_mu_container<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> type_tree* type<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!type<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>value == <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  type_info&amp; info = get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type<span class="Delimiter">,</span> type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>value<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  <span class="Identifier">return</span> info<span class="Delimiter">.</span>kind == CONTAINER<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>

<span class="Normal">bool</span> is_mu_exclusive_container<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> reagent&amp; r<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  <span class="Identifier">return</span> is_mu_exclusive_container<span class="Delimiter">(</span>r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span class="Normal">bool</span> is_mu_exclusive_container<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Normal">const</span> type_tree* type<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!type<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Normal">if</span> <span class="Delimiter">(</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>value == <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  type_info&amp; info = get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type<span class="Delimiter">,</span> type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>value<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  <span class="Identifier">return</span> info<span class="Delimiter">.</span>kind == EXCLUSIVE_CONTAINER<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
</pre>
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