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- WCOREDUMP(...)
- WCOREDUMP(status) -> bool
Return True if the process returning 'status' was dumped to a core file.
- WEXITSTATUS(...)
- WEXITSTATUS(status) -> integer
Return the process return code from 'status'.
- WIFCONTINUED(...)
- WIFCONTINUED(status) -> bool
Return True if the process returning 'status' was continued from a
job control stop.
- WIFEXITED(...)
- WIFEXITED(status) -> bool
Return true if the process returning 'status' exited using the exit()
system call.
- WIFSIGNALED(...)
- WIFSIGNALED(status) -> bool
Return True if the process returning 'status' was terminated by a signal.
- WIFSTOPPED(...)
- WIFSTOPPED(status) -> bool
Return True if the process returning 'status' was stopped.
- WSTOPSIG(...)
- WSTOPSIG(status) -> integer
Return the signal that stopped the process that provided
the 'status' value.
- WTERMSIG(...)
- WTERMSIG(status) -> integer
Return the signal that terminated the process that provided the 'status'
value.
- abort(...)
- abort() -> does not return!
Abort the interpreter immediately. This 'dumps core' or otherwise fails
in the hardest way possible on the hosting operating system.
- access(...)
- access(path, mode) -> True if granted, False otherwise
Use the real uid/gid to test for access to a path. Note that most
operations will use the effective uid/gid, therefore this routine can
be used in a suid/sgid environment to test if the invoking user has the
specified access to the path. The mode argument can be F_OK to test
existence, or the inclusive-OR of R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK.
- chdir(...)
- chdir(path)
Change the current working directory to the specified path.
- chmod(...)
- chmod(path, mode)
Change the access permissions of a file.
- chown(...)
- chown(path, uid, gid)
Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.
- chroot(...)
- chroot(path)
Change root directory to path.
- close(...)
- close(fd)
Close a file descriptor (for low level IO).
- closerange(...)
- closerange(fd_low, fd_high)
Closes all file descriptors in [fd_low, fd_high), ignoring errors.
- confstr(...)
- confstr(name) -> string
Return a string-valued system configuration variable.
- ctermid(...)
- ctermid() -> string
Return the name of the controlling terminal for this process.
- device_encoding(...)
- device_encoding(fd) -> str
Return a string describing the encoding of the device
if the output is a terminal; else return None.
- dup(...)
- dup(fd) -> fd2
Return a duplicate of a file descriptor.
- dup2(...)
- dup2(old_fd, new_fd)
Duplicate file descriptor.
- execl(file, *args)
- execl(file, *args)
Execute the executable file with argument list args, replacing the
current process.
- execle(file, *args)
- execle(file, *args, env)
Execute the executable file with argument list args and
environment env, replacing the current process.
- execlp(file, *args)
- execlp(file, *args)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
with argument list args, replacing the current process.
- execlpe(file, *args)
- execlpe(file, *args, env)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
with argument list args and environment env, replacing the current
process.
- execv(...)
- execv(path, args)
Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.
path: path of executable file
args: tuple or list of strings
- execve(...)
- execve(path, args, env)
Execute a path with arguments and environment, replacing current process.
path: path of executable file
args: tuple or list of arguments
env: dictionary of strings mapping to strings
- execvp(file, args)
- execp(file, args)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
with argument list args, replacing the current process.
args may be a list or tuple of strings.
- execvpe(file, args, env)
- execvpe(file, args, env)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
with argument list args and environment env , replacing the
current process.
args may be a list or tuple of strings.
- fchdir(...)
- fchdir(fildes)
Change to the directory of the given file descriptor. fildes must be
opened on a directory, not a file.
- fchmod(...)
- fchmod(fd, mode)
Change the access permissions of the file given by file
descriptor fd.
- fchown(...)
- fchown(fd, uid, gid)
Change the owner and group id of the file given by file descriptor
fd to the numeric uid and gid.
- fdatasync(...)
- fdatasync(fildes)
force write of file with filedescriptor to disk.
does not force update of metadata.
- fork(...)
- fork() -> pid
Fork a child process.
Return 0 to child process and PID of child to parent process.
- forkpty(...)
- forkpty() -> (pid, master_fd)
Fork a new process with a new pseudo-terminal as controlling tty.
Like fork(), return 0 as pid to child process, and PID of child to parent.
To both, return fd of newly opened pseudo-terminal.
- fpathconf(...)
- fpathconf(fd, name) -> integer
Return the configuration limit name for the file descriptor fd.
If there is no limit, return -1.
- fstat(...)
- fstat(fd) -> stat result
Like stat(), but for an open file descriptor.
- fstatvfs(...)
- fstatvfs(fd) -> statvfs result
Perform an fstatvfs system call on the given fd.
- fsync(...)
- fsync(fildes)
force write of file with filedescriptor to disk.
- ftruncate(...)
- ftruncate(fd, length)
Truncate a file to a specified length.
- getcwd(...)
- getcwd() -> path
Return a unicode string representing the current working directory.
- getcwdb(...)
- getcwdb() -> path
Return a bytes string representing the current working directory.
- getegid(...)
- getegid() -> egid
Return the current process's effective group id.
- getenv(key, default=None)
- Get an environment variable, return None if it doesn't exist.
The optional second argument can specify an alternate default.
- geteuid(...)
- geteuid() -> euid
Return the current process's effective user id.
- getgid(...)
- getgid() -> gid
Return the current process's group id.
- getgroups(...)
- getgroups() -> list of group IDs
Return list of supplemental group IDs for the process.
- getloadavg(...)
- getloadavg() -> (float, float, float)
Return the number of processes in the system run queue averaged over
the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes or raises OSError if the load average
was unobtainable
- getlogin(...)
- getlogin() -> string
Return the actual login name.
- getpgid(...)
- getpgid(pid) -> pgid
Call the system call getpgid().
- getpgrp(...)
- getpgrp() -> pgrp
Return the current process group id.
- getpid(...)
- getpid() -> pid
Return the current process id
- getppid(...)
- getppid() -> ppid
Return the parent's process id.
- getsid(...)
- getsid(pid) -> sid
Call the system call getsid().
- getuid(...)
- getuid() -> uid
Return the current process's user id.
- isatty(...)
- isatty(fd) -> bool
Return True if the file descriptor 'fd' is an open file descriptor
connected to the slave end of a terminal.
- kill(...)
- kill(pid, sig)
Kill a process with a signal.
- killpg(...)
- killpg(pgid, sig)
Kill a process group with a signal.
- lchown(...)
- lchown(path, uid, gid)
Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.
This function will not follow symbolic links.
- link(...)
- link(src, dst)
Create a hard link to a file.
- listdir(...)
- listdir(path) -> list_of_strings
Return a list containing the names of the entries in the directory.
path: path of directory to list
The list is in arbitrary order. It does not include the special
entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory.
- lseek(...)
- lseek(fd, pos, how) -> newpos
Set the current position of a file descriptor.
- lstat(...)
- lstat(path) -> stat result
Like stat(path), but do not follow symbolic links.
- major(...)
- major(device) -> major number
Extracts a device major number from a raw device number.
- makedev(...)
- makedev(major, minor) -> device number
Composes a raw device number from the major and minor device numbers.
- makedirs(name, mode=511)
- makedirs(path [, mode=0o777])
Super-mkdir; create a leaf directory and all intermediate ones.
Works like mkdir, except that any intermediate path segment (not
just the rightmost) will be created if it does not exist. This is
recursive.
- minor(...)
- minor(device) -> minor number
Extracts a device minor number from a raw device number.
- mkdir(...)
- mkdir(path [, mode=0777])
Create a directory.
- mkfifo(...)
- mkfifo(filename [, mode=0666])
Create a FIFO (a POSIX named pipe).
- mknod(...)
- mknod(filename [, mode=0600, device])
Create a filesystem node (file, device special file or named pipe)
named filename. mode specifies both the permissions to use and the
type of node to be created, being combined (bitwise OR) with one of
S_IFREG, S_IFCHR, S_IFBLK, and S_IFIFO. For S_IFCHR and S_IFBLK,
device defines the newly created device special file (probably using
os.makedev()), otherwise it is ignored.
- nice(...)
- nice(inc) -> new_priority
Decrease the priority of process by inc and return the new priority.
- open(...)
- open(filename, flag [, mode=0777]) -> fd
Open a file (for low level IO).
- openpty(...)
- openpty() -> (master_fd, slave_fd)
Open a pseudo-terminal, returning open fd's for both master and slave end.
- pathconf(...)
- pathconf(path, name) -> integer
Return the configuration limit name for the file or directory path.
If there is no limit, return -1.
- pipe(...)
- pipe() -> (read_end, write_end)
Create a pipe.
- putenv(...)
- putenv(key, value)
Change or add an environment variable.
- read(...)
- read(fd, buffersize) -> string
Read a file descriptor.
- readlink(...)
- readlink(path) -> path
Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.
- remove(...)
- remove(path)
Remove a file (same as unlink(path)).
- removedirs(name)
- removedirs(path)
Super-rmdir; remove a leaf directory and all empty intermediate
ones. Works like rmdir except that, if the leaf directory is
successfully removed, directories corresponding to rightmost path
segments will be pruned away until either the whole path is
consumed or an error occurs. Errors during this latter phase are
ignored -- they generally mean that a directory was not empty.
- rename(...)
- rename(old, new)
Rename a file or directory.
- renames(old, new)
- renames(old, new)
Super-rename; create directories as necessary and delete any left
empty. Works like rename, except creation of any intermediate
directories needed to make the new pathname good is attempted
first. After the rename, directories corresponding to rightmost
path segments of the old name will be pruned way until either the
whole path is consumed or a nonempty directory is found.
Note: this function can fail with the new directory structure made
if you lack permissions needed to unlink the leaf directory or
file.
- rmdir(...)
- rmdir(path)
Remove a directory.
- setegid(...)
- setegid(gid)
Set the current process's effective group id.
- seteuid(...)
- seteuid(uid)
Set the current process's effective user id.
- setgid(...)
- setgid(gid)
Set the current process's group id.
- setgroups(...)
- setgroups(list)
Set the groups of the current process to list.
- setpgid(...)
- setpgid(pid, pgrp)
Call the system call setpgid().
- setpgrp(...)
- setpgrp()
Make this process a session leader.
- setregid(...)
- setregid(rgid, egid)
Set the current process's real and effective group ids.
- setreuid(...)
- setreuid(ruid, euid)
Set the current process's real and effective user ids.
- setsid(...)
- setsid()
Call the system call setsid().
- setuid(...)
- setuid(uid)
Set the current process's user id.
- spawnl(mode, file, *args)
- spawnl(mode, file, *args) -> integer
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
- spawnle(mode, file, *args)
- spawnle(mode, file, *args, env) -> integer
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the
supplied environment.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
- spawnlp(mode, file, *args)
- spawnlp(mode, file, *args) -> integer
Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from
args in a subprocess with the supplied environment.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
- spawnlpe(mode, file, *args)
- spawnlpe(mode, file, *args, env) -> integer
Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from
args in a subprocess with the supplied environment.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
- spawnv(mode, file, args)
- spawnv(mode, file, args) -> integer
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
- spawnve(mode, file, args, env)
- spawnve(mode, file, args, env) -> integer
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the
specified environment.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
- spawnvp(mode, file, args)
- spawnvp(mode, file, args) -> integer
Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from
args in a subprocess.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
- spawnvpe(mode, file, args, env)
- spawnvpe(mode, file, args, env) -> integer
Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from
args in a subprocess with the supplied environment.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
- stat(...)
- stat(path) -> stat result
Perform a stat system call on the given path.
- stat_float_times(...)
- stat_float_times([newval]) -> oldval
Determine whether os.[lf]stat represents time stamps as float objects.
If newval is True, future calls to stat() return floats, if it is False,
future calls return ints.
If newval is omitted, return the current setting.
- statvfs(...)
- statvfs(path) -> statvfs result
Perform a statvfs system call on the given path.
- strerror(...)
- strerror(code) -> string
Translate an error code to a message string.
- symlink(...)
- symlink(src, dst)
Create a symbolic link pointing to src named dst.
- sysconf(...)
- sysconf(name) -> integer
Return an integer-valued system configuration variable.
- system(...)
- system(command) -> exit_status
Execute the command (a string) in a subshell.
- tcgetpgrp(...)
- tcgetpgrp(fd) -> pgid
Return the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd.
- tcsetpgrp(...)
- tcsetpgrp(fd, pgid)
Set the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd.
- times(...)
- times() -> (utime, stime, cutime, cstime, elapsed_time)
Return a tuple of floating point numbers indicating process times.
- ttyname(...)
- ttyname(fd) -> string
Return the name of the terminal device connected to 'fd'.
- umask(...)
- umask(new_mask) -> old_mask
Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask.
- uname(...)
- uname() -> (sysname, nodename, release, version, machine)
Return a tuple identifying the current operating system.
- unlink(...)
- unlink(path)
Remove a file (same as remove(path)).
- unsetenv(...)
- unsetenv(key)
Delete an environment variable.
- utime(...)
- utime(path, (atime, mtime))
utime(path, None)
Set the access and modified time of the file to the given values. If the
second form is used, set the access and modified times to the current time.
- wait(...)
- wait() -> (pid, status)
Wait for completion of a child process.
- wait3(...)
- wait3(options) -> (pid, status, rusage)
Wait for completion of a child process.
- wait4(...)
- wait4(pid, options) -> (pid, status, rusage)
Wait for completion of a given child process.
- waitpid(...)
- waitpid(pid, options) -> (pid, status)
Wait for completion of a given child process.
- walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False)
- Directory tree generator.
For each directory in the directory tree rooted at top (including top
itself, but excluding '.' and '..'), yields a 3-tuple
dirpath, dirnames, filenames
dirpath is a string, the path to the directory. dirnames is a list of
the names of the subdirectories in dirpath (excluding '.' and '..').
filenames is a list of the names of the non-directory files in dirpath.
Note that the names in the lists are just names, with no path components.
To get a full path (which begins with top) to a file or directory in
dirpath, do os.path.join(dirpath, name).
If optional arg 'topdown' is true or not specified, the triple for a
directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories
(directories are generated top down). If topdown is false, the triple
for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its
subdirectories (directories are generated bottom up).
When topdown is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place
(e.g., via del or slice assignment), and walk will only recurse into the
subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames; this can be used to prune
the search, or to impose a specific order of visiting. Modifying
dirnames when topdown is false is ineffective, since the directories in
dirnames have already been generated by the time dirnames itself is
generated.
By default errors from the os.listdir() call are ignored. If
optional arg 'onerror' is specified, it should be a function; it
will be called with one argument, an os.error instance. It can
report the error to continue with the walk, or raise the exception
to abort the walk. Note that the filename is available as the
filename attribute of the exception object.
By default, os.walk does not follow symbolic links to subdirectories on
systems that support them. In order to get this functionality, set the
optional argument 'followlinks' to true.
Caution: if you pass a relative pathname for top, don't change the
current working directory between resumptions of walk. walk never
changes the current directory, and assumes that the client doesn't
either.
Example:
import os
from os.path import join, getsize
for root, dirs, files in os.walk('python/Lib/email'):
print(root, "consumes", end="")
print(sum([getsize(join(root, name)) for name in files]), end="")
print("bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files")
if 'CVS' in dirs:
dirs.remove('CVS') # don't visit CVS directories
- write(...)
- write(fd, string) -> byteswritten
Write a string to a file descriptor.
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