PHYSICS BASICS - Core Concepts and Principles

CLASSICAL MECHANICS
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Newton's Laws of Motion:
1. An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. (Inertia)

2. Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma)

3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Key Equations:
- Distance: d = vt (constant velocity)
- Velocity: v = v0 + at (constant acceleration)
- Distance with acceleration: d = v0t + (1/2)at²
- Momentum: p = mv
- Kinetic Energy: KE = (1/2)mv²
- Potential Energy: PE = mgh

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
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Basic Concepts:
- Charge: Fundamental property of matter (positive/negative)
- Electric field: Force per unit charge
- Current: Rate of charge flow (I = Q/t)
- Voltage: Electric potential difference (V = IR)
- Resistance: Opposition to current flow

Key Equations:
- Ohm's Law: V = IR
- Power: P = IV = I²R = V²/R
- Energy: E = Pt = VIt

THERMODYNAMICS
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Laws of Thermodynamics:
1. Energy conservation - energy cannot be created or destroyed
2. Entropy always increases in isolated systems
3. Absolute zero is unattainable
4. Entropy and temperature relationship

Key Concepts:
- Heat transfer: Conduction, convection, radiation
- Specific heat capacity: Energy required to change temperature
- Phase changes: Melting, freezing, boiling, condensation
- Ideal gas law: PV = nRT

QUANTUM PHYSICS
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Core Principles:
- Wave-particle duality: Particles can exhibit wave-like behavior
- Uncertainty principle: Cannot know both position and momentum precisely
- Quantization: Energy levels are discrete, not continuous
- Superposition: Quantum systems can exist in multiple states

Key Equations:
- Energy of photon: E = hf (h = Planck's constant)
- de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p
- Heisenberg uncertainty: ΔxΔp ≥ h/4π

MODERN PHYSICS
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Special Relativity:
- Speed of light is constant for all observers
- Time dilation: Moving clocks run slower
- Length contraction: Moving objects appear shorter
- Mass-energy equivalence: E = mc²

General Relativity:
- Gravity as curvature of spacetime
- Equivalence principle: Gravitational and inertial mass are identical
- Black holes and gravitational waves

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
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Real-world Physics:
- Engineering: Bridges, buildings, vehicles
- Medicine: Imaging, radiation therapy, medical devices
- Technology: Computers, smartphones, satellites
- Energy: Solar panels, wind turbines, nuclear power

Measurement Units:
- Length: meter (m)
- Mass: kilogram (kg)
- Time: second (s)
- Force: newton (N) = kg·m/s²
- Energy: joule (J) = N·m
- Power: watt (W) = J/s