C Index

Libraries

Basic

@include <unistd.h>: fork, pipe and I/O primitives (read, write, close, etc.) + primitve types like uid_t, pid_t etc
#include <stdlib.h>: Standard lib, contains primitives for number conversion and memory allocation
#include <stdio.h>: Basic i/o lib: printf etc; glibc
#include <string.h>: String manipulations; glibc
#include <time.h>: Time related functions; glibc
#include <signal.h>: Signal handling; glibc
#include <stdbool.h>: Boolean type; glibc
#include <math.h>: Math functions; glibc

Advanced

#include <sys/socket.h>: Socket connections; glibc
#include <sys/types.h>: Primitive types like uid_t, pid_t etc; glibc
#include <netinet/in.h>: internet address family; glibc
#include <arpa/inet.h>: definitions for internet operations; glibc
#include <pthread.h>: threads; glibc
#include <stdatomic.h>: mutual exclusion locks; gcc

Random Numbers

        // seed with current time:
        // time_t t;
        // srand(time(&t));
        void srand(unsigned seed);

        int rand(void);

Signals

        sig_t signal(int sig, sig_t func);

        int raise(int sig);

        int kill(pid_t pid, int sig);

Sorting

        void qsort(void* values, size_t num_items, size_t item_size, int (*comparefunc)(const void*, const void*));

Strings

        // SUCCESS: pointer to destination string
        char *strcpy(char *dest, const char *src);

        // result == 0 -> strings are equal
        // result < 0 -> str1 less than str2
        // result > 0 -> str2 less than str1
        int strcmp(const char *str1, const char *str2);;

        // result == NULL -> no tokens left to retrieve
        // else: pointer to last token found
        char *strtok(char *str, const char *delim);

        // NULL if no match
        // else: pointer to first occurence in string
        char *strstr(const char *string, const char *substring);

        // ERROR: result == 0
        int atoi(const char *str);

Inter Process Communication

        // ERROR: result < 0
        // result = 0 inside child
        // result > 0 inside parent
        pid_t fork(void);

        // ERROR: result < 0
        // SUCCESS: result == 0
        int pipe(int fd[2]);

File IO

File Modes

        mode    Description
        "r"     Opens a file for reading. The file must exist.
        "w"     Creates an empty file for writing. If a file with the same name already exists, its content is erased and the file is considered as a new empty file.
        "a"     Appends to a file. Writing operations, append data at the end of the file. The file is created if it does not exist.
        "r"     Opens a file to update both reading and writing. The file must exist.
        "w"     Creates an empty file for both reading and writing.
        "a"     Opens a file for reading and appending.

        // ERROR: result == NULL (also when EOF is reached)
        char *fgets(char *str, int strlen, FILE *stream);

        // ERROR: result == NULL
        FILE *fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode);

        // result == EOF when finished reading the stream
        // SUCCESS: number of matched items on success
        int fscanf(FILE *stream, const char *format, ...);

        // ERROR: result == EOF
        // SUCCESS: result == 0
        int fclose(FILE *stream);

        // ERROR: result == -1
        // SUCCESS: number of bytes written
        ssize_t write(int fildes, const void *buf, size_t nbyte);

        // ERROR: result == -1
        // EOF when finished reading
        // SUCCESS: number of bytes read
        ssize_t read(int fildes, void *buf, size_t nbyte);

        // SUCCESS: result > 0
        // ERROR: result == EOF
        int fputs(const char *restrict s, FILE *restrict stream);

Shared Memory

        // ERROR: result < 0
        // SUCCESS: result == shmid
        int shmget(key_t key, size_t size, int shmflg);

        // ERROR: result == NULL
        void *shmat(int shmid, const void *shmaddr, int shmflg);

        // ERROR: result < 0
        // SUCCESS: result == 0
        int shmdt(const void *shmaddr);

Networking

        $ pkginfo -o socket.h

        #include "<sys/socket.h>"

        // ERROR: result == -1
        // example: sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
        int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);

        // sockaddr_in struct (man ip 4)
        struct sockaddr_in server;
        server.sin_family = PF_INET;
        server.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
        server.sin_port = htons(8080);

        // ERROR: result < 0
        // SUCCESS: result == 0
        // example: bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &server, sizeof(server))
        int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *my_addr, socklen_t addrlen);

        // ERROR: result < 0
        // SUCCESS: filedeskriptor for accepted socket
        // example: fd = accept(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &client, &client_len);
        int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen);

        // SUCCESS: result == 0
        // ERROR: result == -1
        int listen(int socket, int backlog);

Threads

        // ERROR: result > 0
        // SUCCESS: res == 0
        // example: pthread_create(&threads[t], NULL, printHello, (void*)t);
        int pthread_create(pthread_t *restrict thread, const pthread_attr_t *restrict attr, void *(*start_routine)(void *), void *restrict arg);

        // SUCCESS: result == 0
        // ERROR: result > 0
        int pthread_join(pthread_t tid, void **ret);

        void pthread_exit(void *value_ptr);

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