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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "RANGER 1"
.TH RANGER 1 "ranger-1.6.1" "05/24/2013" "ranger manual"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
ranger \- visual file manager
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBranger\fR [\fB\-\-version\fR] [\fB\-\-help\fR] [\fB\-\-debug\fR] [\fB\-\-clean\fR]
[\fB\-\-confdir\fR=\fIdirectory\fR] [\fB\-\-copy\-config\fR=\fIwhich\fR]
[\fB\-\-choosefile\fR=\fItarget\fR] [\fB\-\-choosefiles\fR=\fItarget\fR]
[\fB\-\-choosedir\fR=\fItarget\fR] [\fB\-\-selectfile\fR=\fIfilepath\fR]
[\fB\-\-list\-unused\-keys\fR] [\fB\-\-list\-tagged\-files\fR=\fItag\fR]
[\fB\-\-profile\fR] [\fB\-\-cmd\fR=\fIcommand\fR] [\fIpath\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
ranger is a console file manager with \s-1VI\s0 key bindings.
.SH "RESOURCES"
.IX Header "RESOURCES"
\&\fIThis manual\fR contains instructions on how to use and configure ranger.
.PP
\&\fIInside ranger\fR, you can press \fI1?\fR for a list of key bindings, \fI2?\fR for
commands and \fI3?\fR for settings.
.PP
The \fI\s-1README\s0\fR contains install instructions.
.PP
The file \fIdoc/HACKING\fR contains guidelines for code modification.
.PP
The directory \fIdoc/configs\fR contains configuration files. They are usually
installed to \fI/usr/lib/python*/site\-packages/ranger/config\fR and can be
obtained with ranger's \-\-copy\-config option.
.PP
The man page of \fIrifle\fR\|(1) describes the functions of the file opener
.PP
The section \fI\s-1LINKS\s0\fR of this man page contains further resources.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-debug\fR" 14
.IX Item "-d, --debug"
Activate the debug mode: Whenever an error occurs, ranger will exit and print a
full traceback. The default behavior is to merely print the name of the
exception in the statusbar/log and try to keep running.
.IP "\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-clean\fR" 14
.IX Item "-c, --clean"
Activate the clean mode: ranger will not access or create any configuration
files nor will it leave any traces on your system. This is useful when your
configuration is broken, when you want to avoid clutter, etc.
.IP "\fB\-r\fR \fIdir\fR, \fB\-\-confdir\fR=\fIdir\fR" 14
.IX Item "-r dir, --confdir=dir"
Change the configuration directory of ranger from ~/.config/ranger to \*(L"dir\*(R".
.IP "\fB\-\-copy\-config\fR=\fIfile\fR" 14
.IX Item "--copy-config=file"
Create copies of the default configuration files in your local configuration
directory. Existing ones will not be overwritten. Possible values: \fIall\fR,
\&\fIcommands\fR, \fIrc\fR, \fIrifle\fR, \fIscope\fR.
.IP "\fB\-\-choosefile\fR=\fItargetfile\fR" 14
.IX Item "--choosefile=targetfile"
Allows you to pick a file with ranger. This changes the behavior so that when
you open a file, ranger will exit and write the absolute path of that file into
\&\fItargetfile\fR.
.IP "\fB\-\-choosefiles\fR=\fItargetfile\fR" 14
.IX Item "--choosefiles=targetfile"
Allows you to pick multiple files with ranger. This changes the behavior so
that when you open a file, ranger will exit and write the absolute paths of all
selected files into \fItargetfile\fR, adding one newline after each filename.
.IP "\fB\-\-choosedir\fR=\fItargetfile\fR" 14
.IX Item "--choosedir=targetfile"
Allows you to pick a directory with ranger. When you exit ranger, it will
write the last visited directory into \fItargetfile\fR.
.IP "\fB\-\-selectfile\fR=\fItargetfile\fR" 14
.IX Item "--selectfile=targetfile"
Open ranger with \fItargetfile\fR selected.
.IP "\fB\-\-list\-unused\-keys\fR" 14
.IX Item "--list-unused-keys"
List common keys which are not bound to any action in the \*(L"browser\*(R" context.
This list is not complete, you can bind any key that is supported by curses:
use the key code returned by \f(CW\*(C`getch()\*(C'\fR.
.IP "\fB\-\-list\-tagged\-files\fR=\fItag\fR" 14
.IX Item "--list-tagged-files=tag"
List all files which are tagged with the given tag. Note: Tags are single
characters. The default tag is \*(L"*\*(R"
.IP "\fB\-\-profile\fR" 14
.IX Item "--profile"
Print statistics of \s-1CPU\s0 usage on exit.
.IP "\fB\-\-cmd\fR=\fIcommand\fR" 14
.IX Item "--cmd=command"
Execute the command after the configuration has been read. Use this option
multiple times to run multiple commands.
.IP "\fB\-\-version\fR" 14
.IX Item "--version"
Print the version and exit.
.IP "\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR" 14
.IX Item "-h, --help"
Print a list of options and exit.
.SH "CONCEPTS"
.IX Header "CONCEPTS"
This part explains how certain parts of ranger work and how they can be used
efficiently.
.SS "\s-1TAGS\s0"
.IX Subsection "TAGS"
Tags are single characters which are displayed left of a filename. You can use
tags however you want. Press \*(L"t\*(R" to toggle tags and \*(L"T\*(R" to remove any tags of
the selection. The default tag is an Asterisk (\*(L"*\*(R"), but you can use any tag by
typing \fI"<tagname>\fR.
.SS "\s-1PREVIEWS\s0"
.IX Subsection "PREVIEWS"
By default, only text files are previewed, but you can enable external preview
scripts by setting the option \f(CW\*(C`use_preview_script\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`preview_files\*(C'\fR to true.
.PP
This default script is \fI~/.config/ranger/scope.sh\fR. It contains more
documentation and calls to the programs \fIlynx\fR and \fIelinks\fR for html,
\&\fIhighlight\fR for text/code, \fIimg2txt\fR for images, \fIatool\fR for archives,
\&\fIpdftotext\fR for PDFs and \fImediainfo\fR for video and audio files.
.PP
Install these programs (just the ones you need) and scope.sh will automatically
use them.
.PP
Independently of the preview script, there is a feature to preview images
by drawing them directly into the terminal. This does not work over ssh,
requires certain terminals (tested on \*(L"xterm\*(R" and \*(L"urxvt\*(R") and is incompatible
with tmux, although it works with screen.
.PP
To enable this feature, install the program \*(L"w3m\*(R" and set the option
\&\f(CW\*(C`preview_images\*(C'\fR to true.
.SS "\s-1SELECTION\s0"
.IX Subsection "SELECTION"
The \fIselection\fR is defined as \*(L"All marked files \s-1IF\s0 \s-1THERE\s0 \s-1ARE\s0 \s-1ANY\s0, otherwise
the current file.\*(R" Be aware of this when using the :delete command, which
deletes all files in the selection.
.PP
You can mark files by pressing <Space>, v, etc. A yellow \fBMrk\fR symbol at the
bottom right indicates that there are marked files in this directory.
.SS "\s-1MACROS\s0"
.IX Subsection "MACROS"
Macros can be used in commands to abbreviate things.
.PP
.Vb 5
\& %f the highlighted file
\& %d the path of the current directory
\& %s the selected files in the current directory.
\& %t all tagged files in the current directory
\& %c the full paths of the currently copied/cut files
.Ve
.PP
The macros \f(CW%f\fR, \f(CW%d\fR and \f(CW%s\fR also have upper case variants, \f(CW%F\fR, \f(CW%D\fR and \f(CW%S\fR,
which refer to the next tab. To refer to specific tabs, add a number in
between. (%7s = selection of the seventh tab.)
.PP
\&\f(CW%c\fR is the only macro which ranges out of the current directory. So you may
\&\*(L"abuse\*(R" the copying function for other purposes, like diffing two files which
are in different directories:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& Yank the file A (type yy), move to the file B, then type
\& @diff %c %f
.Ve
.PP
Macros for file paths are generally shell-escaped so they can be used in the
\&\f(CW\*(C`shell\*(C'\fR command.
.PP
Additionally, if you create a key binding that uses <any>, a special statement
which accepts any key, then the macro \f(CW%any\fR (or \f(CW%any0\fR, \f(CW%any1\fR, \f(CW%any2\fR, ...) can be
used in the command to get the key that was pressed.
.SS "\s-1BOOKMARKS\s0"
.IX Subsection "BOOKMARKS"
Type \fBm<key>\fR to bookmark the current directory. You can re-enter this
directory by typing \fB`<key>\fR. <key> can be any letter or digit. Unlike vim,
both lowercase and uppercase bookmarks are persistent.
.PP
Each time you jump to a bookmark, the special bookmark at key ` will be set
to the last directory. So typing \*(L"``\*(R" gets you back to where you were before.
.PP
Bookmarks are selectable when tabbing in the :cd command.
.PP
Note: The bookmarks ' (Apostrophe) and ` (Backtick) are the same.
.SS "\s-1RIFLE\s0"
.IX Subsection "RIFLE"
Rifle is the file opener of ranger. It can be used as a standalone program or
a python module. It is located at \fIranger/ext/rifle.py\fR. In contrast to
other, more simple file openers, rifle can automatically find installed
programs so it can be used effectively out of the box on a variety of systems.
.PP
It's configured in \fIrifle.conf\fR through a list of conditions and commands.
For each line the conditions are checked and if they are met, the respective
command is taken into consideration. By default, simply the first matching
rule is used. In ranger, you can list and choose rules by typing \*(L"r\*(R" or simply
by typing \*(L"<rulenumber><enter>\*(R". If you use rifle standalone, you can list all
rules with the \*(L"\-l\*(R" option and pick a rule with \*(L"\-p <number>\*(R".
.PP
The rules, along with further documentation, are contained in
\&\fIranger/config/rifle.conf\fR.
.SS "\s-1FLAGS\s0"
.IX Subsection "FLAGS"
Flags give you a way to modify the behavior of the spawned process. They are
used in the commands \f(CW\*(C`:open_with\*(C'\fR (key \*(L"r\*(R") and \f(CW\*(C`:shell\*(C'\fR (key \*(L"!\*(R").
.PP
.Vb 4
\& f Fork the process. (Run in background)
\& c Run the current file only, instead of the selection
\& r Run application with root privilege (requires sudo)
\& t Run application in a new terminal window
.Ve
.PP
There are some additional flags that can currently be used only in the \f(CW\*(C`shell\*(C'\fR
command: (for example \f(CW\*(C`:shell \-w df\*(C'\fR)
.PP
.Vb 3
\& p Redirect output to the pager
\& s Silent mode. Output will be discarded.
\& w Wait for an Enter\-press when the process is done
.Ve
.PP
By default, all the flags are off unless specified otherwise in the
\&\fIrifle.conf\fR configuration file. You can specify as many flags as you want.
An uppercase flag negates the effect: \*(L"ffcccFsf\*(R" is equivalent to \*(L"cs\*(R".
.PP
The terminal program name for the \*(L"t\*(R" flag is taken from the environment
variable \f(CW$TERMCMD\fR. If it doesn't exist, it tries to extract it from \f(CW$TERM\fR and
uses \*(L"xterm\*(R" as a fallback if that fails.
.PP
Examples: \f(CW\*(C`:open_with c\*(C'\fR will open the file that you currently point at, even
if you have selected other files. \f(CW\*(C`:shell \-w df\*(C'\fR will run \*(L"df\*(R" and wait for
you to press Enter before switching back to ranger.
.SS "\s-1PLUGINS\s0"
.IX Subsection "PLUGINS"
ranger's plugin system consists of python files which are located in
\&\fI~/.config/ranger/plugins/\fR and are imported in alphabetical order when
starting ranger. A plugin changes rangers behavior by overwriting or extending
a function that ranger uses. This allows you to change pretty much every part
of ranger, but there is no guarantee that things will continue to work in
future versions as the source code evolves.
.PP
There are some hooks that are specifically made for the use in plugins. They
are functions that start with hook_ and can be found throughout the code.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& grep \*(Aqdef hook_\*(Aq \-r /path/to/rangers/source
.Ve
.PP
Also try:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& pydoc ranger.api
.Ve
.PP
Note that you should \s-1NOT\s0 simply overwrite a function unless you know what
you're doing. Instead, save the existing function and call it from your new
one. This way, multiple plugins can use the same hook. There are several
sample plugins in the \fI/usr/share/doc/ranger/examples/\fR directory, including a
hello-world plugin that describes this procedure.
.SH "KEY BINDINGS"
.IX Header "KEY BINDINGS"
Key bindings are defined in the file \fIranger/config/rc.conf\fR. Check this
file for a list of all key bindings. You can copy it to your local
configuration directory with the \-\-copy\-config=rc option.
.PP
Many key bindings take an additional numeric argument. Type \fI5j\fR to move
down 5 lines, \fI2l\fR to open a file in mode 2, \fI10<Space>\fR to mark 10 files.
.PP
This list contains the most useful bindings:
.SS "\s-1MAIN\s0 \s-1BINDINGS\s0"
.IX Subsection "MAIN BINDINGS"
.IP "h, j, k, l" 14
.IX Item "h, j, k, l"
Move left, down, up or right
.IP "^D or J, ^U or K" 14
.IX Item "^D or J, ^U or K"
Move a half page down, up
.IP "H, L" 14
.IX Item "H, L"
Move back and forward in the history
.IP "gg" 14
.IX Item "gg"
Move to the top
.IP "G" 14
.IX Item "G"
Move to the bottom
.IP "^R" 14
.IX Item "^R"
Reload everything
.IP "^L" 14
.IX Item "^L"
Redraw the screen
.IP "i" 14
.IX Item "i"
Display the current file in a bigger window.
.IP "E" 14
.IX Item "E"
Edit the current file in \f(CW$EDITOR\fR (\*(L"nano\*(R" by default)
.IP "S" 14
.IX Item "S"
Open a shell in the current directory
.IP "?" 14
Opens this man page
.IP "<octal>=, +<who><what>, \-<who><what>" 14
.IX Item "<octal>=, +<who><what&g/*
* (C)opyright MMVI Anselm R. Garbe <garbeam at gmail dot com>
* See LICENSE file for license details.
*/
#include "dwm.h"
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <X11/cursorfont.h>
#include <X11/Xatom.h>
#include <X11/Xproto.h>
/* static */
static int (*xerrorxlib)(Display *, XErrorEvent *);
static Bool otherwm;
static void
cleanup()
{
while(sel) {
resize(sel, True, TopLeft);
unmanage(sel);
}
XSetInputFocus(dpy, PointerRoot, RevertToPointerRoot, CurrentTime);
}
static void
scan()
{
unsigned int i, num;
Window *wins, d1, d2;
XWindowAttributes wa;
if(XQueryTree(dpy, root, &d1, &d2, &wins, &num)) {
for(i = 0; i < num; i++) {
if(!XGetWindowAttributes(dpy, wins[i], &wa))
continue;
if(wa.override_redirect || XGetTransientForHint(dpy, wins[i], &d1))
continue;
if(wa.map_state == IsViewable)
manage(wins[i], &wa);
}
}
if(wins)
XFree(wins);
}
static int
win_property(Window w, Atom a, Atom t, long l, unsigned char **prop)
{
int status, format;
unsigned long res, extra;
Atom real;
status = XGetWindowProperty(dpy, w, a, 0L, l, False, t, &real, &format,
&res, &extra, prop);
if(status != Success || *prop == 0) {
return 0;
}
if(res == 0) {
free((void *) *prop);
}
return res;
}
/*
* Startup Error handler to check if another window manager
* is already running.
*/
static int
xerrorstart(Display *dsply, XErrorEvent *ee)
{
otherwm = True;
return -1;
}
/* extern */
char stext[1024];
int tsel = DEFTAG;
int screen, sx, sy, sw, sh, bx, by, bw, bh, mw;
unsigned int ntags;
Atom wmatom[WMLast], netatom[NetLast];
Bool running = True;
Bool issel = True;
Client *clients = NULL;
Client *sel = NULL;
Cursor cursor[CurLast];
Display *dpy;
DC dc = {0};
Window root, barwin;
int
getproto(Window w)
{
int protos = 0;
int i;
long res;
unsigned char *protocols;
res = win_property(w, wmatom[WMProtocols], XA_ATOM, 20L, &protocols);
if(res <= 0) {
return protos;
}
for(i = 0; i < res; i++) {
if(protocols[i] == wmatom[WMDelete])
protos |= PROTODELWIN;
}
free((char *) protocols);
return protos;
}
void
sendevent(Window w, Atom a, long value)
{
XEvent e;
e.type = ClientMessage;
e.xclient.window = w;
e.xclient.message_type = a;
e.xclient.format = 32;
e.xclient.data.l[0] = value;
e.xclient.data.l[1] = CurrentTime;
XSendEvent(dpy, w, False, NoEventMask, &e);
XSync(dpy, False);
}
void
quit(Arg *arg)
{
running = False;
}
/*
* There's no way to check accesses to destroyed windows, thus those cases are
* ignored (especially on UnmapNotify's). Other types of errors call Xlibs
* default error handler, which calls exit().
*/
int
xerror(Display *dpy, XErrorEvent *ee)
{
if(ee->error_code == BadWindow
|| (ee->request_code == X_SetInputFocus && ee->error_code == BadMatch)
|| (ee->request_code == X_PolyText8 && ee->error_code == BadDrawable)
|| (ee->request_code == X_PolyFillRectangle && ee->error_code == BadDrawable)
|| (ee->request_code == X_PolySegment && ee->error_code == BadDrawable)
|| (ee->request_code == X_ConfigureWindow && ee->error_code == BadMatch)
|| (ee->request_code == X_GrabKey && ee->error_code == BadAccess))
return 0;
fprintf(stderr, "dwm: fatal error: request code=%d, error code=%d\n",
ee->request_code, ee->error_code);
return xerrorxlib(dpy, ee); /* may call exit() */
}
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i;
unsigned int mask;
fd_set rd;
Bool readin = True;
Window w;
XEvent ev;
XSetWindowAttributes wa;
if(argc == 2 && !strncmp("-v", argv[1], 3)) {
fputs("dwm-"VERSION", (C)opyright MMVI Anselm R. Garbe\n", stdout);
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
else if(argc != 1)
eprint("usage: dwm [-v]\n");
dpy = XOpenDisplay(0);
if(!dpy)
eprint("dwm: cannot connect X server\n");
screen = DefaultScreen(dpy);
root = RootWindow(dpy, screen);
/* check if another WM is already running */
otherwm = False;
XSetErrorHandler(xerrorstart);
/* this causes an error if some other WM is running */
XSelectInput(dpy, root, SubstructureRedirectMask);
XSync(dpy, False);
if(otherwm)
eprint("dwm: another window manager is already running\n");
XSetErrorHandler(NULL);
xerrorxlib = XSetErrorHandler(xerror);
/* init atoms */
wmatom[WMProtocols] = XInternAtom(dpy, "WM_PROTOCOLS", False);
wmatom[WMDelete] = XInternAtom(dpy, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW", False);
netatom[NetSupported] = XInternAtom(dpy, "_NET_SUPPORTED", False);
netatom[NetWMName] = XInternAtom(dpy, "_NET_WM_NAME", False);
XChangeProperty(dpy, root, netatom[NetSupported], XA_ATOM, 32,
PropModeReplace, (unsigned char *) netatom, NetLast);
/* init cursors */
cursor[CurNormal] = XCreateFontCursor(dpy, XC_left_ptr);
cursor[CurResize] = XCreateFontCursor(dpy, XC_sizing);
cursor[CurMove] = XCreateFontCursor(dpy, XC_fleur);
grabkeys();
initrregs();
for(ntags = 0; tags[ntags]; ntags++);
/* style */
dc.bg = getcolor(BGCOLOR);
dc.fg = getcolor(FGCOLOR);
dc.border = getcolor(BORDERCOLOR);
setfont(FONT);
sx = sy = 0;
sw = DisplayWidth(dpy, screen);
sh = DisplayHeight(dpy, screen);
mw = (sw * MASTERW) / 100;
wa.override_redirect = 1;
wa.background_pixmap = ParentRelative;
wa.event_mask = ButtonPressMask | ExposureMask;
bx = by = 0;
bw = sw;
dc.h = bh = dc.font.height + 4;
barwin = XCreateWindow(dpy, root, bx, by, bw, bh, 0, DefaultDepth(dpy, screen),
CopyFromParent, DefaultVisual(dpy, screen),
CWOverrideRedirect | CWBackPixmap | CWEventMask, &wa);
XDefineCursor(dpy, barwin, cursor[CurNormal]);
XMapRaised(dpy, barwin);
dc.drawable = XCreatePixmap(dpy, root, sw, bh, DefaultDepth(dpy, screen));
dc.gc = XCreateGC(dpy, root, 0, 0);
drawstatus();
issel = XQueryPointer(dpy, root, &w, &w, &i, &i, &i, &i, &mask);
wa.event_mask = SubstructureRedirectMask | EnterWindowMask | LeaveWindowMask;
wa.cursor = cursor[CurNormal];
XChangeWindowAttributes(dpy, root, CWEventMask | CWCursor, &wa);
strcpy(stext, "dwm-"VERSION);
scan();
/* main event loop, reads status text from stdin as well */
while(running) {
FD_ZERO(&rd);
if(readin)
FD_SET(STDIN_FILENO, &rd);
FD_SET(ConnectionNumber(dpy), &rd);
i = select(ConnectionNumber(dpy) + 1, &rd, 0, 0, 0);
if(i == -1 && errno == EINTR)
continue;
if(i < 0)
eprint("select failed\n");
else if(i > 0) {
if(FD_ISSET(ConnectionNumber(dpy), &rd)) {
while(XPending(dpy)) {
XNextEvent(dpy, &ev);
if(handler[ev.type])
(handler[ev.type])(&ev); /* call handler */
}
}
if(readin && FD_ISSET(STDIN_FILENO, &rd)) {
readin = NULL != fgets(stext, sizeof(stext), stdin);
if(readin)
stext[strlen(stext) - 1] = 0;
else
strcpy(stext, "broken pipe");
drawstatus();
}
}
}
cleanup();
XCloseDisplay(dpy);
return 0;
}