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# dwm - dynamic window manager
# See LICENSE file for copyright and license details.

include config.mk

SRC = dwm.c
OBJ = ${SRC:.c=.o}

all: options dwm

options:
	@echo dwm build options:
	@echo "CFLAGS   = ${CFLAGS}"
	@echo "LDFLAGS  = ${LDFLAGS}"
	@echo "CC       = ${CC}"

.c.o:
	@echo CC $<
	@${CC} -c ${CFLAGS} $<

${OBJ}: config.h config.mk

config.h:
	@echo creating $@ from config.def.h
	@cp config.def.h $@

dwm: ${OBJ}
	@echo CC -o $@
	@${CC} -o $@ ${OBJ} ${LDFLAGS}

clean:
	@echo cleaning
	@rm -f dwm ${OBJ} dwm-${VERSION}.tar.gz

dist: clean
	@echo creating dist tarball
	@mkdir -p dwm-${VERSION}
	@cp -R LICENSE Makefile README config.def.h config.mk \
		dwm.1 ${SRC} dwm-${VERSION}
	@tar -cf dwm-${VERSION}.tar dwm-${VERSION}
	@gzip dwm-${VERSION}.tar
	@rm -rf dwm-${VERSION}

install: all
	@echo installing executable file to ${DESTDIR}${PREFIX}/bin
	@mkdir -p ${DESTDIR}${PREFIX}/bin
	@cp -f dwm ${DESTDIR}${PREFIX}/bin
	@chmod 755 ${DESTDIR}${PREFIX}/bin/dwm
	@echo installing manual page to ${DESTDIR}${MANPREFIX}/man1
	@mkdir -p ${DESTDIR}${MANPREFIX}/man1
	@sed "s/VERSION/${VERSION}/g" < dwm.1 > ${DESTDIR}${MANPREFIX}/man1/dwm.1
	@chmod 644 ${DESTDIR}${MANPREFIX}/man1/dwm.1

uninstall:
	@echo removing executable file from ${DESTDIR}${PREFIX}/bin
	@rm -f ${DESTDIR}${PREFIX}/bin/dwm
	@echo removing manual page from ${DESTDIR}${MANPREFIX}/man1
	@rm -f ${DESTDIR}${MANPREFIX}/man1/dwm.1

.PHONY: all options clean dist install uninstall
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<!DOCTYPE html public "-//IETF//DTD HTML 3.0//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Lynx Users Guide v2.7.1</title>
<link rev="made" href="mailto:lynx-dev@sig.net">
</head>

<body>
<h1>Lynx Users Guide v2.7.1</h1>

Lynx is a fully-featured <em>World Wide Web</em> (<em>WWW</em>) client
for users running cursor-addressable, character-cell display devices (e.g.,
vt100 terminals, vt100 emulators running on PCs or Macs, or any other
character-cell display).  It will display <em>Hypertext Markup Language</em>
(<em>HTML</em>) documents containing links to files on the local system, as
well as files on remote systems running <em>http</em>, <em>gopher</em>,
<em>ftp</em>, <em>wais</em>, <em>nntp</em>, <em>finger</em>, or
<em>cso</em>/<em>ph</em>/<em>qi</em> servers, and services accessible via
logins to <em>telnet</em>, <em>tn3270</em> or <em>rlogin</em> accounts (see
<a href="lynx_url_support.html">URL Schemes Supported by Lynx</a>).
<a href="#32">Current</a> versions of Lynx run on Unix and VMS.

<p>Lynx can be used to access information on the <em>WWW</em>, or to build
information systems intended primarily for local access.  For example, Lynx
has been used to build several <em>Campus Wide Information Systems</em>
(<em>CWIS</em>).  In addition, Lynx can be used to build systems isolated
within a single LAN.

<h2><A NAME="TOC"><em>Table of Contents</em></A></h2>

<ul>
<li><A HREF="#1">Lynx online help</A>
<li><A HREF="#2">Viewing local files with Lynx</A>
<li><A HREF="#3">Leaving Lynx</A>
<li><A HREF="#4">Starting Lynx with a Remote File</A>
<li><A HREF="#5">Starting Lynx with the WWW_HOME environment variable.</A>
<li><A HREF="#6">Navigating hypertext documents with Lynx</A>
<li><A HREF="#7">Printing, Mailing, and Saving rendered files to disk.</A>
<li><A HREF="#8">Viewing the HTML document source and editing documents</A>
<li><A HREF="#9">Downloading and Saving source files.</A>
<li><A HREF="#10">Reloading files and refreshing the display</A>
<li><A HREF="#11">Lynx searching commands</A>
<li><A HREF="#12">Lynx Options Menu</A>
<li><A HREF="#13">Comments and mailto: links</A>
<li><A HREF="#14">USENET News posting</A>
<li><A HREF="#15">Lynx bookmarks</A>
<li><A HREF="#16">Jump command</A>
<li><A HREF="#17">Directory Editing</A>
<li><A HREF="#18">Scrolling and Other useful commands</A>
<li><a href="#19">Lynx and HTML Forms</a>
<li><a href="#20">Lynx and HTML Tables</a>
| <a href="#21">Lynx and HTML Tabs</a>
<li><a href="#22">Lynx and HTML Frames</a>
| <a href="#23">Lynx and HTML Banners</a>
<li><a href="#24">Lynx and HTML Footnotes</a>
| <a href="#25">Lynx and HTML Notes</a>
<li><a href="#26">Lynx and HTML Lists</a>
<li><a href="#27">Lynx and HTML Quotes</a>
<li><a href="#28">Lynx and Client-Side-Image-Maps</a>
<li><a href="#29">Lynx and Client-Side-Pull</a>
<li><a href="#30">Lynx and State Management</a> (Me want <em>cookie</em>!)
<li><A HREF="#31">The Lynx command line</A>
<li><A HREF="#32">Lynx development history</A>
</ul>

<h2><A NAME="1"><em>Lynx online help</em></A></h2>

Online help is available while viewing any document.  Press the
'<em>?</em>' or '<em>H</em>' key (or the '<em>h</em> key if vi-like
key movement is not on) to see a list of help topics.  See the section
titled <A HREF="#6">Navigating hypertext documents with Lynx</A> for
information on navigating through the help files.

<p>In addition, a summary description of all the Lynx keystroke commands
and their key bindings is available by pressing the '<em>K</em>' key (or
the '<em>k</em>' key if vi-like key movement is not on).
[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]
 
<h2><A NAME="2"><em>Viewing local files with Lynx</em></A></h2>

Lynx can be started by entering the Lynx command along with
the name of a file to display.  For example these commands could
all be used to display an arbitrary ASCII text or HTML file:

<dl>
 <dt>UNIX
  <dd><code>lynx filename</code>
  <dd><code>lynx /home/my-dir/filename</code>
  <dd><code>lynx ~/filename</code>
 <dt>VMS
  <dd><code>lynx filename</code>
  <dd><code>lynx dua5:[my-directory]filename</code>
  <dd><code>lynx /dua5/my-directory/filename</code>
  <dd><code>lynx ~/filename</code>
  <dd><code>lynx sys$login:filename</code>
  <dd><code>lynx /sys$login/filename</code>
</dl>

<p>When executed, Lynx will clear the screen and display as much of the
specified file as will fit on the screen.  Pressing a <em>down-arrow</em>
will bring up the next screen, and pressing an <em>up-arrow</em> will bring
up the previous screen. If no file is specified at startup, a default file
will be displayed.  (The default is configured by the system administrator
when the command is installed.)

<p>Lynx will display local files written in the <em>HyperText Markup
Language</em> (<em>HTML</em>), if the file's name ends with the characters
<em>.html</em>, <em>.htm</em>, <em>.shtml</em>, <em>.htmlx</em>,
<em>.html3</em>, or <em>.ht3</em>.  HTML is a file format that allows users
to create a file that contains (among other things) hypertext links to other
files.  Several files linked together may be described as a
<em>hypertext document</em>.  If the filename does not have one of the
suffixes mapped by Lynx to HTML, the <em>-force_html</em> command line
option can be included to force treatment of the file as hypertext.
 
<p>When Lynx displays an HTML file, it shows links as "bold face"
text, except for one link, which is shown as "highlighted" text. 
Whether "boldface" or "highlighted" text shows up as reverse
video, boldface type, or a color change, etc. depends on the
display device being used (and the way in which that device has
been configured).  Lynx has no control over the exact presentation
of links.

<p>The one link displayed as "highlighted" text is the currently
"selected" link.  Lynx will display the file associated with the
selected link when a <em>right-arrow</em> or a <em>Return</em> key is
pressed.  To select a particular link, press the <em>up-arrow</em> or
<em>down-arrow</em> keys until the desired link becomes "highlighted,"
and then press the <em>right-arrow</em> or <em>Return</em> key to view
the linked information. Information included in the HTML file tells Lynx
where to find the linked file and what kind of server will provide it
(i.e.  HTTP, Gopher, etc.).

<p>Lynx renders HTML files and saves the rendition, not the source,
for initial display and should you select the link again.  If you do
select a link again and have reason to desire a new fetch and rendering
of the file, use the NOCACHE command, normally mapped to '<em>x</em>' and
'<em>X</em>', instead of the <em>right-arrow</em> or <em>Return</em> key
when positioned on the link.  You also can force a new fetch and rendering
of the currently displayed document via the RELOAD command, normally mapped
to <EM>Control-R</em>.

<p>When a binary file is encountered Lynx will ask the user if he/she
wishes to download the file or cancel. If the user selects '<em>D'</em>
for download, Lynx will transfer the file into a temporary location and
present the user with a list of options. The only default option is
<em>Save to disk</em>, which is disabled if Lynx is running in anonymous
mode. Any number of additional download methods may be defined in the
lynx.cfg file by the system administrator. Programs like kermit, zmodem
and FTP are some possible options. [<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="3"><em>Leaving Lynx</em></A></h2>

To exit Lynx use the '<em>q</em>' command.  You will be asked whether
you really want to quit.  Answering '<em>y</em>' will exit and '<em>n</em>'
will return you to the current document. Use '<em>Q</em>' or
<em>Control-D</em> to quit without verification. [<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="4"><em>Starting Lynx with a Remote File</em></A></h2>

If you wish to view a remote file (that is, a file residing on
some computer system other than the one upon which you are running
Lynx) without first viewing a local file, you must identify that
file by using a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).  URLs take the
general form:

<p><code>PROTOCOL :// HOST / PATH</code>

<p>where

<dl>
   <dt><code>PROTOCOL</code>
	<dd>identifies the communications protocol (<em>scheme</em>) used
	    by the server that will provide the file.  As mentioned earlier,
	    Lynx (and any WWW client) can interact with a variety of servers,
	    each with its own protocol. 

   <dt><code>HOST</code>
	<dd>is the Internet address of the computer system on which the
	    server is running, and

   <dt><code>PATH</code>
	<dd>is a scheme-specific field which for some schemes may
	    correspond to a directory path and/or filename.
</dl>

Here are some sample URLs.

<dl>
   <dt>HTTP  (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
     	<dd><code>http://www.crl.com/~subir/lynx.html</code>

   <dt>Gopher
     	<dd><code>gopher://gopher.micro.umn.edu/11/</code>

   <dt>FTP  (File Transfer Protocol)
     	<dd><code>ftp://ftp2.cc.ukans.edu/pub/lynx/README</code>

   <dt>WAIS  (Wide Area Information Service protocol)
     	<dd><code>wais://cnidr.org/directory-of-servers</code>

   <dt>A URL may be specified to Lynx on the command line, as in:
   <dd><code>lynx http://kufacts.cc.ukans.edu/cwis/kufacts_start.html</code>
</dl> 

Lynx also will attempt to create a complete URL if you include adequate
portions of it in the startfile argument.  For example:<br>
<tab indent="34"><em>wfbr</em>
<tab indent="62">will be expanded to:<br>
<tab indent="12"><em>http://www.wfbr.edu/</em>
<tab indent="62">and:<br>
<tab indent="26"><em>ftp.more.net/pub</em>
<tab indent="62">will be expanded to:<br>
<tab indent="14"><em>ftp://ftp.more.net/pub</em><br>
See <a href="lynx_url_support.html">URL Schemes Supported by Lynx</a> for
more detailed information.  [<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="5"
><em>Starting Lynx with the WWW_HOME environment variable.</em></A></h2>

You may also specify a starting file for Lynx using the WWW_HOME
environment variable,
<dl>
   <dt>UNIX
   <dd>
      <dl>
         <dt>ksh
       	   <dd><code>export WWW_HOME=http://www.w3.org/</code>
         <dt>csh
           <dd><code>setenv WWW_HOME http://www.w3.org/</code>
     </dl>
   <dt>VMS
      <dd><code>define "WWW_HOME" "http://www.w3.org/"</code>
</dl>  

Note that on VMS the double-quoting <em>must</em> be included to preserve
casing.

<h2><A NAME="6"><em>Navigating hypertext documents with Lynx</em></A></h2>

The process of moving within a hypertext web, selecting and displaying
links is known as "navigation." With Lynx almost all navigation can be
accomplished with the arrow keys and the numeric keypad. 
<pre>
                                       +-------+-------+-------+
                                       | TOP   |  /|\  | Page  |
              arrow keys               | of    |   |   | UP    |
                                       | text 7|   |  8|      9|
              +---------+              +-------+-------+-------+
              | SELECT  |              |       |       |       |
              | prev /|\|              | &lt;---  |       |  ---&gt; |
              | link  | |              |      4|      5|      6|
    +---------+---------+---------+    +-------+-------+-------+
    |    BACK | SELECT  | DISPLAY |    | END   |   |   | Page  |
    |&lt;-- prev | next  | | sel. --&gt;|    | of    |   |   | DOWN  |
    |    doc. | link \|/| link    |    | text 1|  \|/ 2|      3|
    +---------+---------+---------+    +-------+-------+-------+
</pre>

There are also a few other keyboard commands to aid in navigation.  The
Control and Function keys used for navigation within the current document
are described in <A
HREF="#18"><em>Scrolling and Other useful commands</em></A>.  Some
additional commands depend on the fact that Lynx keeps a list of each
link you visited to reach the current document, called the <a
href="keystroke_commands/history_help.html">History Page</a>, and a
list of all links visited during the current Lynx session, called the <a
href="keystroke_commands/visited_help.html">Visited Links Page</a>.  The
HISTORY keystroke command, normally mapped to <em>Backspace</em> or
<em>Delete</em>, will show you the <em>History Page</em> of links leading to
your access of the current document.  Any of the previous documents shown in
the list may be revisited by selecting them from the history screen.  The
VLINKS keystroke command, normally mapped to uppercase '<em>V</em>', will
show the <em>Visited Links Page</em>, and you similarly can select links in
that list.  The MAIN_MENU keystroke command, normally mapped to '<em>m</em>'
and '<em>M</em>', will take you back to the starting document unless you
specified the <em>-homepage=URL</em> option at the command line.  Also, the
LIST keystroke command, normally mapped to '<em>l</em>' and <em>L</em>',
will create a compact list of all the links in the current document, and
they can be selected via that list. 

<p>The '<em>i</em>' key presents an index of documents.  The default index
is usually a document pointing to servers around the world, but the index
can be changed by the system administrator or on the command line using
the <em>-index=URL</em> switch, and therefore depends on how the Lynx
program you are using was configured.

<p>If you choose a link to a server with active access authorization, Lynx
will automatically prompt for a username and a password. If you give the
correct information, you will then be served the requested information.
Lynx will automatically send your username and password to the same server
if it is needed again. [<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="7"
><em>Printing, Mailing, and Saving rendered files to disk.</em></A></h2>

Rendered HTML documents, and plain text files, may be printed using the
'<em>p</em>' command while viewing the document.  After pressing the
'<em>p</em>' key a menu of <em>Print Options</em> will be displayed.  The
menu will vary according to several factors.  First, some sites set up
special accounts to let users run Lynx to access local information systems.
Typically these accounts require no passwords and do not require users to
identify themselves.  As a result such accounts are called "anonymous"
accounts, and their users are considered "anonymous" users.  In most
configurations, all Lynx users (including anonymous users) are able to
mail files to themselves and print the entire file to the screen.

<p>Additional print options are available for users who are using
Lynx from their own accounts (that is, so-called "non-anonymous
users").  In particular, the <em>Save to a local file</EM>
option allows you to save the document into a file on your disk
space.  Any number of additional print options may also be
available as configured by your system administrator.

<p>Some options, such as <em>Save to a local file</em>, involve prompting
for an output filename.  All output filename entries are saved in a
circular buffer, and any previous entries can be retrieved for re-use by
pressing the <em>up-arrow</em> or <em>down-arrow</em> keys at the prompt.

<p>Note that if you want exact copies of text files without any expansions
of TAB characters to spaces you should use the <a href="#9">Download</a>
options. [<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="8"
><em>Viewing the HTML document source and editing documents</em></A></h2>

When viewing HTML documents it is possible to retrieve and display the
unrendered (i.e., the original HTML) source of the document by pressing
the '<em>\</em>' (backslash) key.  The document must be reloaded from the
server or disk to be displayed on the screen unrendered, since Lynx
originally rendered what it received and does not still have it as source.
When viewing unrendered documents you may print them as any normal document.

<p>Selecting the <em>Print to a local file</em> option from the Print Menu,
makes it possible to save the source of the document to disk so that you
may have a local copy of the document source, but it is better to <a
href="#9">Download</a> the source.

<p>NOTE: When saving an HTML document it is important to name the
document with a <em>.html</em> extension, if you want to read it with
Lynx again later.

<p>Lynx can allow users to edit documents that reside on the local
system.  To enable editing, documents must be referenced using a
"file:" URL or by specifying a plain filename on the command line as
in the following two examples:

<dl>
<dt>Command
    <dd><code>lynx file://localhost/FULL/PATH/FILENAME</code>
    <dd><code>lynx path/filename.html</code>
</dl>

In addition, the user must also specify an editor in the
<em>Options Menu</em> so that Lynx knows which editor to use.  If the
file is specified correctly and an editor is defined, then you may edit
documents by using the '<em>e</em>' command.  When the '<em>e</em>'
command is entered your specified editor is spawned to edit the file.
After changes are completed, exit your editor and you will return to Lynx.
Lynx will reload and render the file so that changes can be immediately
examined. [<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="9"><em>Downloading and Saving source files.</em></A></h2>

If the DOWNLOAD keystroke command ('<em>d</em>' or <em>D</em>) is used
when positioned on a link for an HTML, plain text, or binary file, Lynx
will transfer the file, without rendering or modification, into a temporary
location and present the user with a list of options, as when a link for a
binary file of a type for which no viewer has been mapped is activated.
As described above, the only default <em>Download option</em> is
<em>Save to disk</em>, which is disabled if Lynx is running in
anonymous mode, and any number of additional download methods such as
kermit and zmodem may be defined in the <em>lynx.cfg</em> file by the
system administrator.  Downloading the sources of HTML and plain text
files, instead of toggling to <a href="#8">display the source</a>
('<em>\</em>') and then using <a href="#7">Printing</a> options, ensures
that no modifications of the source (e.g., expansions of TAB characters
to a series of spaces) will occur.

<p>Some options, such as <em>Save to disk</em>, involve prompting for an
output filename.  All output filename entries are saved in a circular buffer,
and any previous entries can be retrieved for re-use by pressing the
<em>up-arrow</em> or <em>down-arrow</em> keys at the prompt.
[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="10"
><em>Reloading files and refreshing the display</em></A></h2>

The RELOAD (<em>Control-R</em>) command will reload and re-render the file
that you are currently viewing.  The REFRESH (<em>Control-L</em> or
<em>Control-W</em>) command will refresh or wipe the screen to remove or
correct any errors that may be caused by operating system or other messages.

<p>The NOCACHE ('<em>x</em>' or '<em>X</em>') command can be used in lieu
of ACTIVATE (<em>Return</em> or <em>right-arrow</em>) to request an uncached
copy and new rendition for the current link, or resubmission of a FORM, if a
cache from a previous request or submission exits.  The request or submission
will include <em>Pragma: no-cache</em> and <em>Cache-Control: no-cache</em>
in its headers.  Note that FORMs with POST content will be resubmitted
regardless of whether the NOCACHE or ACTIVATE command is used (see <A
HREF="#19"><em>Lynx and HTML Forms</em></A>). [<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="11"><em>Lynx searching commands</em></A></h2>

Two commands activate searching in Lynx: '<em>/</em>' and '<em>s</em>'.

<p>While viewing a normal document use the '<em>/</em>' command to find a
word or phrase within the current document.  The search type will depend on
the search option setting in the <a href="#12">Options Menu</a>.  The search
options are case sensitive and case insensitive.  These searches are entirely
local to Lynx.

<p>Some documents are designated <em>index documents</em> by virtue of an
ISINDEX element in their HEAD section.  These documents can be used to
retrieve additional information based on searches using words or phrases
submitted to an index server.  The Lynx statusline will indicate that you
are viewing such a document, and if so, the '<em>s</em>' key will invoke a
statusline prompt to enter a query string.  The prompt can be specified via
a PROMPT attribute in the ISINDEX element.  Otherwise, Lynx will use an
internally configured prompt.  The address for submitting the search can be
specified via an HREF or ACTION attribute.  Otherwise, Lynx will use the
current document's URL and append your query string as a <em>?searchpart</em>
(see <a href="lynx_url_support.html">Supported URLs</a>).

<p>All search words or strings which you have entered during a Lynx session
are saved in a circular buffer, and can be retrieved for re-use by pressing
the <em>up-arrow</em> or <em>down-arrow</em> keys at the prompt for a search
word or string.  Also, you can use the '<em>n</em>'ext command to repeat a
search with the last-entered search word or phrase, starting from the current
position in the document.  The word or phrase matches will be highlighted
throughout the document, but such highlighting will not persist for new
documents, or if the current document is reloaded.  The search cycles to the
top of the document if the word or phrase is not located below your current
position.

<p>Although <a href="#19">HTML Forms</a> have largely replaced index
documents for searches via http servers, they are still useful for performing
searches directly via WAIS or Gopher servers in conjunction with the internal
gateways for such servers.  For example, an HTML index document can act as a
<em>cover page</em> describing a WAIS database and how to formulate query
strings for searching it, and include an element such as:<BR>
<tab indent="12"><em>&lt;ISINDEX <tab id="idx">PROMPT="Enter WAIS query:"<BR>
<tab to="idx">HREF="wais://net.bio.net/biologists-addresses"&gt;</em><BR>
for submitting a search of the Biologist's Addresses database directly
to the net.bio.net WAIS server. [<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="12"><em>Lynx Options Menu</em></A></h2>

The Lynx <em>Options Menu</em> may be accessed by pressing the '<em>o</em>'
key.  The current <em>Options Menu</em> contains the following configurable
options. 

<pre>
                      Options Menu

     E)ditor                      : emacs
     D)ISPLAY variable            : aixtest.cc.ukans.edu:0.0
     mu(L)ti-bookmarks: OFF       B)ookmark file: lynx_bookmarks.html
     F)TP sort criteria           : By Filename
     P)ersonal mail address       : montulli@netscape.com
     S)earching type              : CASE INSENSITIVE
     preferred document lan(G)uage: en
     preferred document c(H)arset : NONE
     display (C)haracter set      : ISO Latin 1
     raw 8-bit or CJK m(O)de      : ON      show color (&)  : OFF
     V)I keys: OFF    e(M)acs keys: OFF     sho(W) dot files: OFF
     popups for selec(T) fields   : ON      show cursor (@) : OFF
     K)eypad mode                 : Numbers act as arrows
     li(N)e edit style            : Default Binding
     l(I)st directory style	  : Mixed style
     U)ser mode                   : Advanced
     user (A)gent                 : [User-Agent header]
     local e(X)ecution links	  : FOR LOCAL FILES ONLY
</pre>

An option can be changed by entering the capital letter or character in
parentheses for the option you wish to change (e.g. '<em>E</em>' for Editor
or '<em>@</em>' for show cursor).  For fields where text must be entered,
simply enter the text by typing on the keyboard.  The <a
href="keystroke_commands/edit_help.html">Line Editor</a> can be used to
correct mistakes, and <em>Control-U</em> can be used to erase the whole
line.  When you are done entering a change press the <em>Return</em> key
to get back to the <em>Command?</em> prompt.

<p>For fields where you must choose one of two choices, press any key
to toggle the choices and press the <em>Return</em> key to finish the
change.

<p>For fields where you potentially have more than two choices, popup
windows may be evoked which function homologously to those for select
fields in <a href="#19">HTML Forms</a>.  The popup windows will be invoked
only if you have popups for select fields set to ON (see below).  Otherwise,
your cursor will be positioned at the current choice, and you can press any
key to cycle through the choices, then press the <em>Return</em> key to
finish the change.

<p>When you are done changing options use the '<em>r</em>' command to
return to Lynx or the '<em>&gt;</em>' command to save the options to a 
<em>.lynxrc</em> file and return to Lynx.

<p>The following table describes the options available on the
<em>Options Menu</em>:

<dl>
   <dt>Editor
	<dd>The editor to be invoked when editing browsable files, and
	    sending mail or comments.  The full pathname of the editor
	    command should be specified when possible. 

   <dt>DISPLAY variable
	<dd>This option is only relevant to X Window users.  The DISPLAY
	    (Unix) or DECW$DISPLAY (VMS) variable is picked up automatically
	    from the environment if it has been previously set.

   <dt>Multi-bookmarks
   	<dd>Lynx supports a default bookmark file, and up to 26 total
	    bookmark files (see below).  When multi-bookmarks is OFF,
	    the default bookmark file is used for the '<em>v</em>'iew
	    bookmarks and '<em>a</em>'dd bookmark link commands.  If
	    multi-bookmark support is available in your account, the
	    setting can be changed to STANDARD or ADVANCED.  In STANDARD
	    mode, a menu of available bookmarks always is invoked when
	    you seek to view a bookmark file or add a link, and you select
	    the bookmark file by its letter token (see
	    <em>Bookmark file</em>, below) in that menu.  In ADVANCED mode,
	    you instead are prompted for the letter of the desired bookmark
	    file, but can enter '<em>=</em>' to invoke the STANDARD selection
	    menu, or <em>RETURN</em> for the default bookmark file.

   <dt>Bookmark file
	<dd>When multi-bookmarks is OFF, this is the filename and location
	    of your default personal bookmark file.  Enter '<em>B</em>' to
	    modify the filename and/or location via the <a
	    href="keystroke_commands/edit_help.html">Line Editor</a>.
	    Bookmark files allow frequently traveled links to be stored in
	    personal easy to access files.  Using the '<em>a</em>'dd bookmark
	    link command (see <a href="#15">Lynx bookmarks</a>) you may save
	    any link that does not have associated POST content into a
	    bookmark file.  All bookmark files must be in or under your
	    account's home directory.  If the location specified does not
	    begin with a dot-slash (./), its presence will still be assumed,
	    and referenced to the home directory.  When multi-bookmarks is
	    STANDARD or ADVANCED, entering '<em>B</em>' will invoke a menu
	    of up to 26 bookmark files (associated with the letters of the
	    English alphabet), for editing their filenames and locations
	    (<em>filepath</em>), and descriptions.  Lynx will create bookmark
	    files, if they don't already exist, when you first '<em>a</em>'dd
	    a bookmark link to them.  However, if you've specified a
	    subdirectory (e.g., ./BM/lynx_bookmarks.html), that subdirectory
	    must already exist.  Note that on VMS you should use the URL
	    syntax for the filepath (e.g., <em>not</em>
	    [.BM]lynx_bookmarks.html).

   <dt>FTP sort criteria
	<dd>This option allows you to specify how files will be sorted
	    within FTP listings.  The current options include 
	"<code>By Filename</code>", "<code>By Size</code>",
	"<code>By Type</code>", and "<code>By Date</code>".

   <dt>Personal mail address
	<dd>This mail address will be used to help you send files to
	    yourself and will be included as the From: address in any mail
	    or comments that you send.  It will also be sent as the From:
	    field in HTTP or HTTPS requests if inclusion of that header
	    has been enabled via the NO_FROM_HEADER definition in lynx.cfg
	    (the compilation default is not to send the header), or via the
	    <em>-from</em> command line toggle.

   <dt>Searching type
	<dd>Searching type has two possible values: CASE INSENSITIVE
	    (default) and CASE SENSITIVE.  The searching type effects
	    inter-document searches only, and determines whether searches
	    for words within documents will be done in a case-sensitive or
	    case-insensitive manner. 

   <dt>Preferred Document Language
	<dd>The language you prefer if multi-language files are available
	    from servers.  Use RFC 1766 abbreviations, e.g., en for English,
	    fr for French, etc.  Can be a comma-separated list, which may
	    be interpreted by servers as descending order of preferences.
	    You can also make your order of preference explicit by using
	    q factors as defined by the HTTP protocol, for servers which
	    understand it, for example:
	    da,&nbsp;en-gb;q=0.8,&nbsp;en;q=0.7
	
   <dt>Preferred Document Charset
	<dd>The character set you prefer if sets in addition to ISO-8859-1
	    and US-ASCII are available from servers.  Use MIME notation
	    (e.g., ISO-8859-2) and do not include ISO-8859-1 or US-ASCII,
	    since those values are always assumed by default.  Can be a
	    comma-separated list, which may be interpreted by servers as 
	    descending order of preferences.
	    You can also make your order of preference explicit by using
	    q factors as defined by the HTTP protocol, for servers which
	    understand it, for example:
	    iso-8859-5,&nbsp;utf-8;q=0.8
	
   <dt>Display Character set
	<dd>This option allows you to set up the default character set for
	    your specific terminal.  The character set provides a mapping
	    of 8-bit ISO Latin character entities and/or Asian (CJK) or
	    Unicode characters into viewable characters and should be set
	    according to your terminal's character set if you will be
	    viewing such characters with Lynx.  You must have the selected
	    character set installed on your terminal.

   <dt>Raw 8-bit or CJK Mode
	<dd>Whether 8-bit characters are assumed to correspond with the
	    selected character set and therefore are processed without
	    translation via the chartrans conversion tables.  Should be ON
	    by default when the selected character set is one of the Asian
	    (CJK) sets and the 8-bit characters are Kanji multibytes.
	    Should be OFF for the other character sets, but can be turned ON
	    when the document's charset is unknown (e.g., is not ISO-8859-1
	    and no charset parameter was included in a reply header from
	    an HTTP server to indicate what it is) but you know by some
	    means that you have the matching display character set selected.
	    Should be OFF when an Asian (CJK) set is selected but the document
	    is ISO-8859-1.  The setting also can be toggled via the RAW_TOGGLE
	    command, normally mapped to '<em>@</em>', and at startup via the
	    <em>-raw</em> switch.

   <dt>Show color.
	<dd>This option will be present if color support is available.
	    If set to ON or ALWAYS, color mode will be forced on if possible.
	    If (n)curses color support is available but cannot be used for
	    the current terminal type, selecting ON is rejected with a message.
	    If set to OFF or NEVER, color mode will be turned off.<BR>
	    ALWAYS and
	    NEVER are not offered in anonymous accounts.  If saved to a
	    <em>.lynxrc</em> file in non-anonymous accounts, ALWAYS will
	    cause Lynx to set color mode on at startup if supported.
            If Lynx is built with the slang library, this is equivalent to
	    having included the <em>-color</em> command line switch or having the
	    <em>COLORTERM</em> environment variable set. If color support is
	    provided by curses or ncurses, this is equivalent to the default
	    behavior of using color when the terminal type supports it.
	    If (n)curses color support is available but cannot be used for
	    the current terminal type, the preference can still be saved
	    but will have no effect.<BR>
	    A saved value of NEVER will
	    cause Lynx to assume a monochrome terminal at startup.
	    It is similar to the <em>-nocolor</em> switch, but (when the
	    slang library is used) can be overridden with the <em>-color</em> 
	    switch.<BR>
	    If the setting is OFF or ON
	    when the current options are saved to a <em>.lynxrc</em> file,
	    the default startup behavior is retained, such that color mode
	    will be turned on at startup only if the terminal info indicates
	    that you have a color-capable terminal, or (when the
            slang library is used) if forced on via the
	    <em>-color</em> switch or <em>COLORTERM</em> variable.  This
	    default behavior always is used in anonymous accounts, or if
	    the <em>option_save</em> restriction is set explicitly.  If
	    for any reason the startup color mode is incorrect for your
	    terminal, set it appropriately on or off via this option.

   <dt>VI keys
	<dd>If set to ON then the lowercase h, j, k, and l keys will be
	    mapped to left, down, up, and right arrow, respectively.  The
	    uppercase H, J, K, and L keys remain mapped to their configured
	    bindings (normally HELP, JUMP, KEYMAP, and LIST, respectively).
	
   <dt>Emacs keys
	<dd>If set to ON then the CTRL-P, CTRL-N, CTRL-F, and CTRL-B keys
	    will be mapped to up-arrow, down-arrow, right-arrow, and
	    left-arrow, respectively.  Otherwise, they remain mapped to
	    their configured bindings (normally UP_TWO lines, DOWN_TWO
	    lines, NEXT_PAGE, and PREV_PAGE, respectively).
	
   <dt>Show dot files
	<dd>If display/creation of hidden (dot) files/directories is
	    enabled, you can turn the feature on or off via this setting.

   <dt>Popups for select fields
	<dd>Lynx normally uses a popup window for the OPTIONs in form
	    SELECT fields when the field does not have the MULTIPLE
	    attribute specified, and thus only one OPTION can be selected.
	    The use of popup windows can be disabled by changing this setting
	    to OFF, in which case the OPTIONs will be rendered as a list of
	    radio buttons.  Note that if the SELECT field does have the
	    MULTIPLE attribute specified, the OPTIONs always are rendered
	    as a list of checkboxes. 

   <dt>Show cursor for current link or option.
	<dd>Lynx normally hides the cursor by positioning it to the right
	    and if possible the very bottom of the screen, so that the
	    current link or OPTION is indicated solely by its highlighting
	    or color.  If show cursor is set to ON, the cursor will be
	    positioned at the left of the current link or OPTION.  This
	    is helpful when Lynx is being used with a speech or braille
	    interface.  It also is useful for sighted users when the
	    terminal cannot distinguish the character attributes used
	    to distinguish the current link or OPTION from the others in
	    the screen display.

   <dt>Keypad as arrows, numbered links, or numbered links and form fields
	<dd>This option gives the choice among navigating with the arrow
	    keys, or having every link numbered so that the links may be
	    selected or made current by numbers as well as using the arrow
	    keys, or having every link as well as every form field numbered
	    so that they can be selected or sought by numbers.  See the<br>
	    &nbsp;&nbsp<a href="keystroke_commands/follow_help.html"
	    >Follow link (or page) number:</a> and<br>
	    &nbsp;&nbsp<a
	    href="keystroke_commands/follow_help.html#select-option"
	    >Select option (or page) number:</a><br>
	    help for more information.

   <dt>Line edit style
   	<dd>This option allows you to set alternate key bindings for the
	    built-in line editor, if your system administrator has installed
	    alternates.  Otherwise, Lynx uses the <a
	    href="keystroke_commands/edit_help.html">Default Binding</a>.

   <dt>List directory style
	<dd>Applies to Directory Editing.  Files and directories can be 
	    presented in the following ways:
	  <dl>
	     <dt>Mixed style
		<dd>Files and directories are listed together in alphabetical
		    order.
	     <dt>Directories first
		<dd>Files and directories are separated into two alphabetical
		    lists.  Directories are listed first.
	     <dt>Files first
		<dd>Files and directories are separated into two alphabetical
		    lists.  Files are listed first.
	  </dl>

   <dt>User Mode
       <dd>There are three possible choices: Novice, Intermediate, and
           Advanced.
         <dl>
	    <dt>Novice
		<dd>In Novice mode two lines of help are displayed at the 
		    bottom of the screen.
	    <dt>Intermediate
		<dd>Intermediate mode turns off the help lines.
	    <dt>Advanced
		<dd>Advanced mode displays the URL of the currently selected
		    link at the bottom of the screen.
         </dl>

   <dt>User Agent
	<dd>The header string which Lynx sends to servers to indicate the
	    User-Agent is displayed here.  Changes may be disallowed via
	    the <em>-restrictions</em> switch.  Otherwise, the header can be
	    changed temporarily to a string such as <em>L_y_n_x/2.7.1</em>
	    for access to sites which discriminate against Lynx based on
	    checks for the presence of &quot;Lynx&quot; in the header. If
	    changed during a Lynx session, the default User-Agent header can
	    be restored by deleting the modified string in the
	    <em>Options Menu</em>.  Whenever the User-Agent header is
	    changed, the current document is reloaded, with the no-cache
	    flags set, on exit from the <em>Options Menu</em>.  Changes of
	    the header are not saved in the RC file.
	<dd><em>NOTE</em> that Netscape Communications Corp. has claimed
	    that false transmissions of "Mozilla" as the User-Agent are a
	    copyright infringement, which will be prosecuted. <em>DO NOT</em>
	    misrepresent Lynx as Mozilla.  The <em>Options Menu</em> issues
	    a warning about possible copyright infringement whenever the
	    header is changed to one which does not include &quot;Lynx&quot;
	    or &quot;lynx&quot;.

   <dt>Local execution scripts or links
 	<dd>Local execution can be activated by the system administrator.
     	    If it has not been activated you will not see this option
     	    in the <em>Options Menu</em>.
      	<dd>When a local execution script is encountered Lynx  checks the
	    users options to see whether the script can be executed. Users
	    have the following options: 
          <dl>
	     <dt> Always off 
                 <dd>Local execution scripts will never be executed 
             <dt>For Local files only 
                 <dd>Local execution scripts will only be executed if the
                     script to be executed resides on the local machine,
		     and is referenced by a URL that begins with
		     <em>file://localhost</em> 
             <dt>Always on 
                 <dd>All local execution scripts will be executed 
          </dl>

   	<dd>If the users options permit the script to be executed Lynx will
     	    spawn a shell and run the script. If the script cannot be
     	    executed Lynx will show the script within the Lynx window and
     	    inform the user that the script is not allowed to be executed
     	    and will ask the user to check his/her options.
	    [<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]
</dl>

<h2><A NAME="13"><em>Comments and mailto: links</em></A></h2>

At any time while viewing documents within Lynx, you may use the
'<em>c</em>' command to send a mail message to the owner of the current
document if the author of the document has specified ownership.  If no
ownership is specified then comments are disabled.  Certain links called
<a href="lynx_url_support.html#mailto">mailto:</a> links will also allow
you to send mail to other people.  Using the mail features within Lynx is
straightforward.

<p>Once you have decided to send a comment or have selected a 
<em>mailto:</em> link a new screen will appear showing you to whom you
are sending the message.  Lynx will ask for your name, your e-mail 
address, and the subject of the message.  If you have filled in the 
"personal mail address" field in the <em>Options Menu</em>, your e-mail
address will be filled in automatically.  After entering the above
information, if you have an editor defined in the <em>Options Menu</em>
and you are not an anonymous user then your specified editor will be
spawned for you so  that you can enter your message. If you do not have
an editor defined or you are an anonymous user, a simple line mode input 
scheme will allow you to enter your message.

<p>To finish sending the message, exit your spawned editor or, if you are
using the simple line mode input scheme, type a '<em>.</em>' (period) on
a line by itself.  You will be asked a final time whether to send the
message.  If you press '<em>y</em>', you will be prompted whether to
append your signature file if one was defined in lynx.cfg and is accessible,
and then the message will be sent, whereas if you press '<em>n</em>' the
message will be deleted.  Entering Control-G in response to any prompts
also will cancel the mailing.[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="14"><em>USENET News posting</em></A></h2>

While reading <a
href="http://www.w3.org/hypertext/DataSources/News/Groups/Overview.html"
>news</a> articles with Lynx you should see a link that says
<em>Reply to: user@host</em> and, if the nntp server from which you
received the article supports posting from your site, a link that says
<em>Followup to: newsgroup(s)</em>
    
<dl>
    <dt>Reply to user@host
        <dd>user@host will correspond to the mail address of the
            person who posted the news article.  Selecting the link will
            allow you to send a message to the person who wrote the message
            you are currently viewing.  You will be given the option of
            including the original message in your reply.

    <dt>Followup to newsgroup(s)
        <dd>Selecting this link will allow you to post back to the
            newsgroup that you are currently reading and any newsgroups
            to which the message was cross-posted.  You will be given
            the option of including the original message in your reply.
            Once you have typed in your message, you will be asked for
	    confirmation of whether to proceed with the posting, and
	    whether to append your signature file if one was defined in
	    lynx.cfg and is accessible.  See <a
	    href="lynx_url_support.html">Supported URLs</a> for more
	    information about the URL schemes for posting or sending
	    followups (replies) to nntp servers with Lynx.
            [<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]
</dl>

<h2><A NAME="15"><em>Lynx bookmarks</em></A></h2>

It is often useful to place a bookmark to aid in returning quickly to
a document.  To use the bookmark feature you must first use the
<em>Options Menu</em> to specify a bookmark filename.

<p>To save a bookmark to the document you wish to place in the
bookmark file press the '<em>a</em>' key and you will be asked:

<blockquote>
	Save D)ocument or L)ink to bookmark file or C)ancel? (d,l,c):
</blockquote>

Answer '<em>d</em>' to save a link to the document you are currently
viewing or '<em>l</em>' to save the link that is currently selected on
the page.  Selecting '<em>c</em>' will cancel without saving anything to
your bookmark file.

<p>A bookmark file will be created in conjunction with acting on the
'<em>a</em>'dd command if it does not already exist.  Otherwise, the link
will be added to the bottom of the pre-existing bookmark file.  You must
have created a bookmark file via the '<em>a</em>'dd command before you
can view it.

<p>Use the '<em>v</em>' command to view the list of bookmarks you have
saved.  While viewing the bookmark list you may select a bookmark as you
would any other link.

<p>You can remove a link from the bookmark list by pressing the
'<em>r</em>' key when positioned on that link.  You also can use a
standard text editor (e.g., via the '<em>e</em>'dit command while viewing
a bookmark file, if an external editor has been defined via the <em>Options
menu</em>) to delete or re-order links in the bookmark file, or to modify
a link name by editing the content of the <em>A</em>nchor element for the
link, but you should not change the format within the line for the link,
consisting of an <em>LI</em> element followed by the <em>A</em>nchor
element, nor cause the line to become wrapped to a second line.   You
similarly can change the link destination by editing the double-quoted
value for the <em>HREF</em> attribute in the <em>A</em>nchor start tag,
but you should not otherwise change the spacing within the start tag, nor
add other attributes.  You can add a new link while editing by copying
an existing line for a link, to ensure the proper format, and then
modifying its <em>HREF</em> value and <em>A</em>nchor content, but you
should not add any other HTML markup to the bookmark file.  If the format
and spacing (other than the <em>A</em>nchor content or <em>HREF</em> value)
within lines is changed or other HTML markup is added, the '<em>a</em>'dd
and '<em>r</em>'emove commands may not work properly.

<p>When multi-bookmarks (see <a href="#12">Options Menu</a>) is OFF,
you will always view or add links to the default bookmark file.  When
it is STANDARD, a menu of up to 26 bookmark files will be invoked,
and you select the bookmark file by entering its letter token.  When
it is ADVANCED, you will be prompted for the letter token, but can
enter '<em>=</em>' to invoke the STANDARD selection menu, or
<em>RETURN</em> for the default bookmark file.
[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="16"><em>Jump Command</em></a></h2>

A feature similar to the Lynx bookmarks is the jump command.  The jump
command allows you to enter a shortcut name to access a URL.  If the jump
feature is active, typing '<em>j</em>' will produce a prompt where you may
enter the shortcut name.  Type '<em>?</em>' at the jump prompt for a list
of shortcut names available.

<p>All jump shortcut entries are saved in a circular buffer, and any
previous entries can be retrieved for re-use by pressing the
<em>up-arrow</em> or <em>down-arrow</em> keys at the prompt.

<p>Note to System Administrators:  Read the <em>lynx.cfg</em> file on how
to set up the jump command for your system and how to define shortcut names.
[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="17"><em>Directory Editing</em></a></h2>

Lynx offers extended DIRED support on Unix (on VMS the more powerful
CSwing program is recommended for character cell terminals, and can be
offered via Lynx as a jump shortcut or execution link).  When a local
directory is accessed using a URL of the form
<em>file://localhost/path/</em>, a new set of commands is available.
With DIRED support you can create, edit, delete, copy, and move files
on your local system.  The commands available in DIRED mode are

<dl>
<dt><code>C)reate</code>
<dd>Type '<em>c</em>' to create a new file.  New file will be empty.

<dt><code>D)ownload</code>
<dd>Type '<em>d</em>' to download selection using one of the options defined 
    by your system administrator.

<dt><code>E)dit</code>
<dd>Type '<em>e</em>' to spawn the editor defined in <em>Options Menu</em>
    and load a selected file for editing.

<dt><code>F)ull Menu</code>
<dd>Type '<em>f</em>' to show full menu of options available for selection.  
    Menu may vary according to type of file selected and compression 
    facilities available.

<!-- List of full menu options -->
<dt><code>M)odify</code>
<dd>Type '<em>m</em>' to modify the name or location of file.  Then type
    '<em>n</em>' to rename the file or '<em>l</em>' to move the file to
    a different location.

<dt><code>R)emove</code>
<dd>Type '<em>r</em>' to remove the selected file or directory.

<dt><code>T)ag</code>
<dd>Type '<em>t</em>' to tag highlighted file.  Further operations will be
    performed on tagged files instead of highlighted ones.

<dt><code>U)pload</code>
<dd>Type '<em>u</em>' to upload a file to the present directory.  Upload
    methods are defined by your system administrator.
</dl>  
[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="18"><em>Scrolling and Other useful commands</em></A></h2>

A summary of all the keystroke commands and their key bindings can
be invoked via the KEYMAP command, normally mapped to '<em>k</em>' and
'<em>K</em>'.  The following describes some of the most commonly used
commands.

<dl>
   <dt><em>^A</em>
  	<dd><em>Control-A</em> jumps you to the beginning of the current
	    document.  It is a synonym for the Keypad <em>Home</em> key, and
	    can be used also when <em>Links are numbered</em> mode is on.  The
	    <em>Find</em> Function key also is a synonym, and ideally the
	    latter has been mapped to the Function key labeled <em>Home</em>
	    if you are using an IBM Enhanced Keyboard.
   <dt><em>^E</em>
  	<dd><em>Control-E</em> jumps you to the end of the current document.
	    It is a synonym for the Keypad <em>End</em> key, and can be used
	    also when <em>Links are numbered</em> mode is on.  The <em>Select</em>
	    Function key also is a synonym, and ideally the latter has been
	    mapped to the Function key labeled <em>End</em> if you are using
	    an IBM Enhanced Keyboard.
   <dt><em>^B</em>
  	<dd><em>Control-B</em> normally jumps you to the previous page of
	    the current document, and thus is a synonym for the Keypad and
	    Function <em>Page-Up</em> keys.  However, <em>Control-B</em>
	    acts as <em>right-arrow</em> when emacs-like key movement is
	    enabled (see <A HREF="#12">Lynx Options Menu</A>).
   <dt><em>^F</em>
  	<dd><em>Control-F</em> normally jumps you to the next page of the
	    current document, and thus is a synonym for the Keypad and
	    Function <em>Page-Down</em> keys.  However, <em>Control-F</em>
	    becomes <em>right-arrow</em> when emacs-like key movement is
	    enabled.
   <dt><em>^N</em>
  	<dd><em>Control-N</em> normally jumps you forward two lines in the
	    current document.  The <em>Remove</em> Function key (labeled
	    <em>Delete</em> on IBM Enhanced keyboards, and distinct
	    from their <em>Backspace</em> key) is a synonym.
	    <em>Control-N</em> becomes <em>down-arrow</em> when emacs-like
	    key movement is enabled.
   <dt><em>^P</em>
  	<dd><em>Control-P</em> normally jumps you back two lines in the
	    current document.  The <em>Insert</em> Function key is a synonym.
	    <em>Control-P</em> becomes <em>up-arrow</em> when emacs-like
	    key movement is enabled.
   <dt><em>)</em>
  	<dd>The <em>)</em> command jumps you forward half a page in the
	    current document.
   <dt><em>(</em>
  	<dd>The <em>(</em> command jumps you back half a page in the
	    current document. 
   <dt><em>#</em>
  	<dd>The '<em>#</em>' command jumps you to the pseudo Toolbar or
	    Banner if present in the current document.  Use
	    <em>left-arrow</em> to return from there to your previous
	    position in the document.
   <dt><em>!</em>
  	<dd>When '<em>!</em>' is pressed your default shell will be spawned.
	    When you quit or exit the shell you will return to Lynx (usually
	    <em>exit</em> under Unix and <em>logout</em> under VMS).  This
	    command is usually disabled for anonymous users.  On VMS,
	    '<em>$</em>' normally is a synonym.
   <dt><em>g</em>
  	<dd>The '<em>g</em>' command allows any URL to be viewed.  Pressing
  	    the '<em>g</em>' command will bring up a prompt asking for a URL.
  	    Type in the URL that you wish to view.  All previously entered
	    goto URLs are saved in a circular buffer, and can be accessed at
	    the prompt by pressing the <em>up-arrow</em> or
	    <em>down-arrow</em> keys.
   <dt><em>G</em>
  	<dd>The '<em>G</em>' command allows you to edit the URL of the
	    current document and then use that as a goto URL.  Pressing
  	    the '<em>G</em>' command will bring up a prompt asking you
	    to edit the current document's URL.  If you do not modify
	    it, or completely delete it, or enter Control-G, the command
	    will be cancelled.  If the current document has POST content
	    associated with it, an Alert will be issued.  If you do edit
	    that URL, and it does not simply involve a fragment change
	    (for seeking a position in the current document), the modified
	    URL will be submitted with method GET and no POST content.  If
	    a modification of the current document's URL results in a
	    submission, that modified URL will be entered into the circular
	    buffer for goto URLs, and can be accessed for further
	    modification via the '<em>g</em>' command.

   <dt><em>=</em>
  	<dd>The '<em>=</em>' command shows information about the current
	    document and the currently selected link if there is one.  The
	    number of lines in the file, URL, title, owner, and type are
	    shown.
   <dt><em>^T</em>
  	<dd><em>Control-T</em> toggles Lynx trace mode on and off.  This is
	    useful for diagnosing bad html.  If you get a <em>Bad HTML</em>
	    statusline message when loading a document, enter
	    <em>Control-T</em> and then <em>Control-R</em> to reload the
	    document in trace mode.  You also can submit the document for
	    validation via links in the online help menu.  If you are able
	    to diagnose the problem, send a message about it to the
	    document's author.
   <dt><em>;</em>
  	<dd>The <em>;</em> command shows the <em>Lynx Trace Log</em>
	    (<em>lynx.trace</em> in the home directory) if one has been
	    started for the current session.  If a log has not been started,
	    any trace and other stderr messages will be sent to the screen
	    (and will disturb the normal display) unless the system supports
	    piping and that was used to redirect stderr messages to a file.
	    The log is started when Lynx trace mode is turned on via the
	    <em>-trace</em> command line switch, or via the
	    <em>Control-T</em> toggle, if Lynx has been compiled to log
	    the trace and other stderr messages.  If not, ability to
	    create a log can be toggled on with the <em>-tlog</em> switch.
	    Note that this ability is disabled in anonymous or validation
	    accounts.
   <dt><em>*</em>
  	<dd>The '<em>*</em>' command toggles image_links mode on and off.
	    When on, links will be created for all images, including inlines.
	    If you have an image viewer mapped to the image's MIME type, you
	    can activate such links to view an inline image.  You should
	    normally have this mode toggled off.
   <dt><em>@</em>
  	<dd>The '<em>@</em>' command toggles raw 8-bit or CJK mode on and off.
	    When on, the charset is assumed to match the selected character
	    set and 8-bit characters are not reverse translated with respect
	    to the ISO-8859-1 conversion tables.
   <dt><em>[</em>
  	<dd>The '<em>[</em>' command toggles pseudo_inlines mode on and off.
	    When on, inline images which have no ALT string specified will
	    have an <em>[INLINE]</em> pseudo-ALT string inserted in the Lynx
	    display.  When off, they will be treated as having ALT="" (i.e.,
	    they'll be ignored).  If image_links mode is toggled on, the
	    pseudo-ALT strings will be restored, to serve as links to the
	    inline images' sources.
   <dt><em>]</em>
  	<dd>The '<em>]</em>' command is used to send HEAD requests for the
	    current document or link.  It applies only to documents or links
	    (or form submit buttons) of http servers.  A statusline message
	    will notify you if the context for this command was inappropriate.
	    The HEAD requests always are sent to the http server, i.e., Lynx
	    does not retrieve any previous server replies from its cache.
	    Note that for form submissions, http servers vary in whether
	    they'll treat HEAD requests as valid and return the CGI script's
	    headers, or treat it as invalid and return an error message. 
   <dt><em>^K</em>
  	<dd><em>Control-K</em> invokes the <a
	    href="keystroke_commands/cookie_help.html">Cookie Jar Page</a>
	    if it contains cookies.
   <dt><em>z</em>
	<dd>Lynx supports completely interruptible I/O processes. Press the
	    '<em>z</em>' key at any time during a connect or transfer process
	    and the process will be halted.  If any data was transferred
	    before the interrupt, it will be displayed.
   <dt><em>numbers</em>
	<dd>Lynx offers other, advanced navigation features when numbers
	    are used to invoke the <a
	    href="keystroke_commands/follow_help.html"
	    >Follow link (or goto link or page) number:</a> or<br>
	    &nbsp;&nbsp;<a
	    href="keystroke_commands/follow_help.html#select-option"
	    >Select option (or page) number:</a><br>
	    prompts.
	    [<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]
</dl>

<h2><A NAME="19"><em>Lynx and HTML Forms</em></a></h2>

This section describes the Lynx Forms Interface.  HTML gives document
providers the ability to create on-line forms which may be filled out
when the document is viewed.  When a form is submitted the information
on the form can be used to search a database or complete a survey.

<p>An HTML Form provides for the use of buttons to perform an action
(such as <em>submit</em>), checkboxes, radio buttons or popups to select
options from a list, and fields for entering text.
<p> 
<dl>
<dt>Buttons:
<dd>Buttons are displayed in the same way that Lynx displays links in
    a document. To "push" the button press the <em>right-arrow</em> or
    <em>Return</em> key.  If it is a form submission button, you also can
    use the RESUBMIT ('<em>x</em>') or DOWNLOAD ('<em>d</em>') keystroke
    commands to "push" the button (see below).

<dt>Checkboxes and Radio buttons
<dd>Checkboxes are displayed as square brackets: <em>[ ]</em> and radio
    buttons are displayed as parenthesis: <em>( )</em>.  When a box is
    checked or a button selected, an <em>x</em> appears in the brackets:
    <em>[x]</em> or an asterisk appears within the parenthesis:
    <em>(*)</em>.  To check a box or select a radio button press the
    <em>right-arrow</em> or <em>Return</em> key.

<dt>Selection Fields
<dd>Selection fields are displayed as brackets with the default option
    displayed between them: <em>[default__]</em>.  To select an option
    press  the <em>right-arrow</em> or <em>Return</em> key.  A box with
    a border of asterisks (or line-drawing characters) will pop up with
    the list of possible options listed within the box.  Use the
    <em>up-arrow</em>, <em>down-arrow</em>, <em>page-up</em>,
    <em>page-down</em>, and other navigation keys to move the cursor
    among options, and the <em>right-arrow</em> or <em>Return</em> key to
    select an option.  You also can use the '<em>/</em>' and '<em>n</em>'ext
    <a href="#11">searching</a> commands for navigating to options which
    contain particular strings.  <em>NOTE</em> that the popup menu
    feature can be disabled via compilation and/or configuration options,
    or via the <a href="#12">Options Menu</a>, in which case the selection
    field options will be converted to a list of radio buttons.  The default
    setting for use of popups or radio button lists can be toggled via the
    <em>-popup</em> command line switch.

<dt> Text Entry Fields
<dd>Text entry (INPUT) fields are displayed as a row of underscores the
    length of the entry field: <em>_______</em>. You may enter text directly
    by typing at the keyboard.   Use the <a
    href="keystroke_commands/edit_help.html">Line Editor</a> keys to
    correct errors.  If you try to input more text than the field can hold,
    the line editor will not accept the additional characters.  If you fill
    a text field the cursor will not move off the field but remain at the
    last field position.  Use the <em>up-arrow</em>, and <em>down-arrow</em>,
    <em>TAB</em> or <em>Return</em> keys to move up, or down from the text
    entry field.  NOTE, however, that <em>Return</em> also will <a
    href="#submit">submit</a> the form if the text entry field is the
    only non-hidden field in the form.
<dd>TEXTAREA fields are handled as if they were a series of text entry
    (INPUT) fields for which successive lines imply a newline at the end of
    the preceding line.  You enter text on each line to construct the overall
    message.  Any blank lines at the bottom of the TEXTAREA field will be
    eliminated from the submission.  The <em>up-arrow</em>, and
    <em>down-arrow</em> or <em>Return</em> keys move you to the preceding,
    or next line of the overall message, as for INPUT fields, and the
    <em>TAB</em> key will move you down beyond the bottom of the TEXTAREA
    field, or to the first line on the next page if the overall field
    extends beyond the currently displayed page.
</dl>

In general, you can move around the form using the standard Lynx navigation
keys.  The <em>up-arrow</em> and <em>down-arrow</em> keys, respectively,
select the previous or next field, box, or button. The <em>TAB</em> key
selects the next field (or next page of a TEXTAREA if it extends onto the
next page), box, or button.

<p><em>NOTE:</em> If you have a text input field selected you will not
have access to most of the Lynx keystroke commands, because they are
interpreted by the <a href="keystroke_commands/edit_help.html"
>Line Editor</a> as either text entries or editing commands.  Select a
button or box when you want to use Lynx keystrokes.

<p>To <A name="submit"><em>submit</em></a> the form press
<em>right-arrow</em> or <em>Return</em> when positioned on the form's
submit button.  If you've submitted the form previously during the Lynx
session, have not changed any of the form content, and the METHOD was
<em>GET</em>, Lynx will retrieve from its cache what was returned from the
previous submission.  If you wish to resubmit that form to the server with
the same content as previously, use the RESUBMIT command ('<em>x</em>') when
positioned on the submit button.  The <em>right-arrow</em> and <em>Return</em>
keys also will invoke a no-cache resubmission if the reply from a form
submission included a META element with a no-cache Pragma or Cache-Control
directive:<BR>
<tab indent="12"
><em>&lt;META HTTP-EQUIV="Pragma" CONTENT="no-cache"&gt;</em><BR>
<tab indent="12"
><em>&lt;META HTTP-EQUIV="Cache-Control" CONTENT="no-cache"&gt;</em><BR>
or the server sent a "Pragma" or "Cache-Control" MIME header with a
no-cache directive.

<p>You also can use the DOWNLOAD ('<em>d</em>') keystroke command when
positioned on a form submit button if you wish to download the server's
reply to the submission instead of having Lynx render and display it.

<p>Forms which have <em>POST</em> as the METHOD, or a <a
href="lynx_url_support.html#mailto">mailto:</a> URL as the ACTION, are always
resubmitted, even if the content has not changed, when you activate the
<em>submit</em> button.  Lynx normally will not resubmit a form which has
<em>POST</em> as the METHOD if the document returned by the form has links
which you activated, and then you go back via the PREV_DOC
(<em>left-arrow</em>) command or via the <a
href="keystroke_commands/history_help.html">History Page</a>.  Lynx can be
compiled so that it resubmits the form in those cases as well, and the default
can be changed via <em>lynx.cfg</em>, and toggled via the
<em>-resubmit_posts</em> command line switch.

<p>If the form has one <em>text entry</em> field and no other fields except,
possibly, hidden INPUT fields not included in the display, then that field
also serves as a <em>submit</em> button, and pressing <em>right-arrow</em>
or <em>Return</em> on that field will invoke submission of the form.  Be
sure to use <em>up-arrow</em>, <em>down-arrow</em> or <em>TAB</em> to move
off the text entry field, in such cases, if it is not your intention to
submit the form (or to retrieve what was returned from an earlier submission
if the content was not changed and the METHOD was <em>GET</em>).

<p>Forms can have multiple <em>submit</em> buttons, if they have been
assigned NAMEs in the markup.  In such cases, information about which
one of the buttons was used to submit the form is included in the form
content.

<p>Inlined images can be used as submit buttons in forms.  If such
buttons are assigned NAMEs in the markup, for graphic clients they can
also serve as <a href="#28">image maps</a>, and the x,y coordinates of
the graphic client's cursor position in the image when it was
<em>clicked</em> are included in the form content.  Since Lynx cannot
inline the image, and the user could not have moved a cursor from the
origin for the image, if no alternatives are made available in the
markup Lynx sends a 0,0 coordinate pair in the form content.  Document
authors who use images as submit buttons, but have at least some concern
for text clients and sight-challenged Webizens, should include VALUEs for
the buttons in such markup.  Lynx will then display the string assigned
to the VALUE, as it would for a normal submit button.  Some document
authors incorrectly use an ALT instead of VALUE attribute for this purpose.
Lynx "cooperates" by treating ALT as a synonym for VALUE when present in
an INPUT tag with TYPE="image".  If neither a VALUE nor an ALT attribute
is present, Lynx displays "[IMAGE]-Submit" as the string for such buttons.
If clickable images is set, the "[IMAGE]" portion of the string is a link
for the image, and the "Submit" portion is the button for submitting the
form.  Otherwise, the entire string is treated as a submit button.  If
a VALUE or ALT attribute is present and clickable images is set, Lynx
prepends "[IMAGE]" as a link for the image, followed by '-' and then
the attribute's value as the displayed string for the submit button.
Note that earlier versions of Lynx would send a name=value pair instead of
a 0,0 coordinate pair if a TYPE="image" submit button was NAME-ed, had a
VALUE attribute in the INPUT tag, and was used to submit the form.  The
script which analyzes the form content thus could be made aware whether
the submission was by a user with a graphic client and had image loading
turned on, or by a user who did not see the image nor make a conscious
choice within it.  However, requests that this be included in HTML
specifications consistently have fallen on deaf ears, and thus Lynx now
"fakes" a 0,0 coordinate pair whether or not a VALUE or ALT attribute is
present in the INPUT tag.  Ideally, the script which analyzes the submitted
content will treat the 0,0 coordinate pair as an indicator that the user
did not see the image and make a conscious choice within it.

<p>Forms can have <em>hidden</em> INPUT fields, which are not displayed,
but have NAMEs and VALUEs included in the content.  These often are used
to keep track of information across a series of related form submissions,
but have the potential for including information about the user that might
be considered to represent an invasion of privacy.  NOTE, in this regard,
that Lynx has implemented the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a>
<em>DISABLED</em> attribute for <em>all</em> of its form fields.  These
can be used to keep track of information across submissions, and to cast
it unmodifiable in the current form, but keep the user aware that it will
be included in the submission.

<p>Forms most commonly are submitted to http servers with the content encoded
as <em>ENCTYPE="application/x-www-form-urlencoded"</em> for analysis by a
script, and Lynx treats that as the default if no ENCTYPE is specified in the
FORM start tag.  However, you can specify a <a
href="lynx_url_support.html#mailto">mailto</a> URL as the form's ACTION to
have the form content sent, instead, to an email address.  In such cases, you
may wish to specify <em>ENCTYPE="text/plain"</em> in the form markup, so that
the content will not be encoded, but remain readable as plain text.

<p>Lynx also supports <em>ENCTYPE="application/sgml-form-urlencoded"</em>
for which all reserved characters in the content will be hex escaped, as
with <em>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</em>, but semicolons
('<em>;</em>') instead of ampersands ('<em>&amp;</em>') will be used as
the separator for name=value pairs in the form content.  The use of
semicolons is preferred for forms with the <em>GET</em> METHOD, because
the <em>GET</em> METHOD causes the encoded form content to be appended
as a <em>?searchpart</em> for the form's ACTION, and if such URLs are used
in <em>text/html</em> documents or bookmark files without conversion
of the ampersands to SGML character references (<em>&amp;amp;</em> or
<em>&amp;#38;</em>), their being followed by form field NAMEs which might
correspond to SGML entities could lead to corruption of the intended URL.

<p>NOTE, in this regard, that Lynx converts ampersands to <em>&amp;amp;</em>
when creating bookmarks, and thus the bookmark links will not be vulnerable
to such corruptions.  Also NOTE that Lynx allows you to save links in your
bookmark file for documents returned by forms with the <em>GET</em> METHOD,
and which thus have the content appended as a <em>?searchpart</em>, but not
if the METHOD was <em>POST</em>, because the content would be lost and the
link thus would be invalid.

<p>Lynx supports <em>ENCTYPE="multipart/form-data"</em> for sending form
content with name=value pairs encoded as multipart sections with individual
MIME headers and boundaries.  However, Lynx does not yet support INPUTs
with <em>TYPE=&quot;file&quot;</em> or <em>TYPE=&quot;range&quot;</em> and
will set the <em>DISABLED</em> attribute for all of the form's fields if
any INPUTs with either of those two TYPEs are present, so that the form
can't be submitted.  Otherwise, Lynx will submit the form with the multipart
ENCTYPE.

<p>A <em>Content-Disposition:&nbsp;file;&nbsp;filename=name.suffix</em>
header can be used by CGI scripts to set the suggested filename offered
by Lynx for '<em>d</em>'ownload and '<em>p</em>'rint menu options to save
or mail the body returned by the script following submission of a FORM.
Otherwise, Lynx uses the last symbolic element in the path for the FORM's
ACTION, which is normally the script, itself, or a PATH_INFO field, and
thus might be misleading.  This also can be done via a META element in
any document:
<tab indent="12"
><em>&lt;META <tab id="cdis">HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Disposition"<BR>
<tab to="cdis">CONTENT="file;&nbsp;filename=name.suffix"&gt;</em><BR>
[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="20"><em>Lynx and HTML Tables</em></a></h2>

HTML includes markup for creating <em>tables</em> structured as arrays of
cells aligned by columns and rows on the displayed page.

<p>Lynx recognizes the TABLE element and all of its associated elements
as described in <a href="ftp://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1942.txt"
>ftp://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1942.txt</a>
and will process any ID attributes in the start tags for handling as NAME-ed
anchors, but does not create actual <em>tables</em>.  Instead, it treats
the TR start tag as a collapsible BR (line break), and inserts a collapsible
space before the content of each TH and TD start tag.  This generally makes
all of the content of the <em>table</em> readable, preserves most of the
intra-cell organization, and makes all of the links in the <em>table</em>
accessible, but any information critically dependent on the column and row
alignments intended for the <em>table</em> will be missed. 

<p>If inherently tabular data must be presented with Lynx, one can use PRE
formatted content, or, if the <em>table</em> includes markup not allowed
for PRE content, construct the <em>table</em> using <a
href="#21">HTML Tabs</a>.  An example <em>table</em> using <em>TAB</em>
elements is included in the test subdirectory of the Lynx distribution.
[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="21"><em>Lynx and HTML Tabs</em></a></h2>

Lynx implements the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a>
TAB element only when LEFT alignment is in effect.  If the alignment is
CENTER or RIGHT (JUSTIFY is not yet implemented in Lynx, and is treated
as a synonym for LEFT), or if the TAB element indicates a position to the
left of the current position on the screen, it is treated as a collapsible
space.  For purposes of implementing TAB, Lynx treats <em>en</em> units as
half a character cell width when specified by the INDENT attribute, and
rounds up for odd values (e.g., a value of either 5 or 6 will be treated
as three spaces, each the width of a character cell).  See the example
<em>table</em> using TAB elements in the test subdirectory of the Lynx
distribution as a model for using this functionality.

<p>Note that this <em>Users Guide</em> and the <a
href="lynx_url_support.html">Supported URLs</a> page include TAB markup in
a manner which <em>degrades gracefully</em> for WWW browsers which do not
support it.  Toggle to display of <a href="#8">source</a> and <a
href="#11">search</a> for <em>&lt;tab</em> to examine the use of TAB markup
in these documents. [<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="22"><em>Lynx and HTML Frames</em></a></h2>

Some implementations of HTML include markup, primarily designed for graphic
clients, that is intended to create an array of simultaneously displayed,
independently scrolling windows.  Such windows have been termed
<em>frames</em>.

<p>Lynx recognizes the Netscape and MicroSoft Explorer FRAME, FRAMESET,
and NOFRAMES elements, but is not capable of windowing to create the
intended positioning of <em>frames</em>.  Instead, Lynx creates labeled
links to the <em>frame</em> sources, typically positioned in the upper
left corner of the display, and renders the NOFRAMES section.  If the
document provider has disregard for text clients and sight-challenged
Webizens, and thus does not include substantive content in the NOFRAMES
section or a link in it to a document suitable for text clients, you
can usually guess from the labeling of the <em>frame</em> links which
one has the substantive material (if there is any), or you can try each
of those links to see if anything worthwhile is returned.
[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="23"><em>Lynx and HTML Banners</em></a></h2>

Some implementations of HTML markup include provisions for creating a
non-scrolling window to be positioned at the top of each page, containing
links with brief, descriptive link names, analogous to a Windows toolbar.
Such windows have been termed <em>banners</em>.

<p>Lynx recognizes and processes all of the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a>
REL attribute tokens in LINK elements for creating a <em>banner</em>, and
a number of others which have subsequently been proposed.  These
<em>banner</em> tokens are <em>Home</em>, <em>ToC</em>, <em>Contents</em>,
<em>Index</em>, <em>Glossary</em>, <em>Copyright</em>, <em>Up</em>,
<em>Next</em>, <em>Previous</em>, <em>Prev</em>, <em>Help</em>,
<em>Search</em>, <em>Top</em>, <em>Origin</em>, <em>Navigator</em>,
<em>Child</em>, <em>Disclaimer</em>, <em>Sibling</em>, <em>Parent</em>,
<em>Author</em>, <em>Editor</em>, <em>Publisher</em>, <em>Trademark</em>,
<em>Meta</em>, <em>URC</em>, <em>Hotlist</em>, <em>Begin</em>,
<em>First</em>, <em>End</em>, <em>Last</em>, <em>Pointer</em>,
<em>Translation</em>, <em>Definition</em>, <em>Chapter</em>,
<em>Documentation</em>, <em>Biblioentry</em>, <em>Bibliography</em>,
<em>Bookmark</em> and <em>Banner</em>.  Any LINK elements with those
tokens as the REL attribute value, and an HREF attribute value in the LINK,
will invoke creation of a <em>banner</em> at the top of the first page,
with the element's HREF as the link, and the token as the default link
name.  If a TITLE attribute is included in the LINK, it's value will be
used as the link name instead of the default.  <em>Bookmark</em> and
<em>Banner</em> are intended to be accompanied by a TITLE attribute,
which in effect makes the namespace for REL <em>banner</em> tokens
infinite.

<p>If the special token <em>Help</em> is used as the REL value and no HREF
is included in the LINK, Lynx will use it own <em>HELPFILE</em> URL for that
link.  For the special token <em>Home</em> without an HREF, Lynx will use
the default <em>STARTFILE</em> (i.e., derived from the configuration files
or the WWW_HOME environment variable, <em>not</em> the command line
<em>startfile</em> if one was used).  However, if a <em>-homepage=URL</em>
was specified on the command line, it's URL will be used as the HREF.
For the special token <em>Index</em> without an HREF, Lynx will use the
<em>DEFAULT_INDEX_FILE</em> derived from the configuration files, or if an
<em>-index=URL</em> was specified on the command line, it's URL will be used
as the HREF.

<p>Lynx does not waste screen real estate maintaining the <em>banner</em> at
the top of every page, but the Lynx TOOLBAR keystroke command ('<em>#</em>')
will, any time it is pressed, position you on the <em>banner</em> so that
any of its links can be activated, and pressing the <em>left-arrow</em> when
in the <em>banner</em> will return you to where you were in the current
document.  The toolbar is indicated by a '<em>#</em>" preceding its first
link when present on the screen, that is, when the first page of the
document is being displayed.  The availability of a toolbar is indicated by
a '<em>#</em>' at the top, left-hand corner of the screen when the second
or subsequent pages of the document are being displayed.

<p>Lynx also recognizes the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a>
BANNER container element, and will create a <em>banner</em> based on its
content if one has not already been created based on LINK elements.  Lynx
treats the MicroSoft MARQUEE element as a synonym for BANNER (i.e.,
presenting it's markup as a static <em>banner</em>, without any horizontal
scrolling of its content).  Lynx does not prefix the BANNER or MARQUEE
content with a '<em>#</em>' because the content need not be only a series
of links with brief, descriptive links names, but does add a '<em>#</em>'
at the top, left-hand corner of the screen when the content is not being
displayed, to indicate it's accessibility via the TOOLBAR keystroke command.
[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]
 
<h2><A NAME="24"><em>Lynx and HTML Footnotes</em></a></h2>

Lynx implements the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a>
FN element similarly to a named <em>A</em>nchor within the current document,
and assumes that the footnotes will be positioned at the bottom of the
document.  However, in contrast to named <em>A</em>nchors, the FN container
element is treated as a block (i.e., as if a new paragraph were indicated
whether or not that is indicated in its content) with greater than normal
left and right margins, and the block will begin with a <em>FOOTNOTE:</em>
label.  For example, if the document contains:<BR>
<tab indent="16">See the <em>&lt;A
HREF="#fn1"&gt;</em><a href="#an1">footnote</a><em>&lt;/A&gt;</em>.<BR>
activating that link will take you to the labeled rendering of:

<p><tab indent="16"><em>&lt;FN ID="fn1"&gt;</em>&lt;p&gt;<a name="an1">Lynx
does not use popups for FN blocks.</a>&lt;/p&gt;<em>&lt;/FN&gt;</em>

<p>i.e., position it at the top of the page.  Then, upon reading the footnote,
you can return to your previous position in the document by pressing the
<em>left-arrow</em> key.  The content of an FN element can be any HTML
markup that is valid in the BODY of the document.
[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="25"><em>Lynx and HTML Notes</em></a></h2>

Lynx implements the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a>
NOTE element (<em>Admonishment</em>) as a labeled block, i.e., as if a new
paragraph were indicated whether or not paragraphing markup is included
in its content, with greater than normal left and right margins, and with
the type of note indicated by an emphasized label based on the value of its
CLASS or ROLE attribute.  If no CLASS or ROLE attribute is included, the
default label <em>NOTE:</em> will be used.  Lynx recognizes the values
<em>caution</em> and <em>warning</em>, for which, respectively, the labels
<em>CAUTION:</em> or <em>WARNING:</em> will be used.  The NOTE element can
have an ID attribute, which will be treated as a named <em>A</em>nchor, as
for <a href="#24">HTML Footnotes</a>, but the NOTE block need not be placed
at the bottom of the document.  The content of a NOTE block can be any HTML
markup that is valid in the BODY of the document. This is an example:<BR>
<tab indent="12"><em>&lt;NOTE CLASS="warning" ID="too-bad"&gt;<BR>
<tab indent="14">&lt;p&gt;The W3C vendors did not retain
NOTE in the HTML 3.2 draft.&lt;/p&gt;<BR>
<tab indent="12">&lt;/NOTE&gt;</em><BR>
It will <em>degrade gracefully</em> for WWW browsers which do not support
NOTE, except for recognition of the ID attribute as a named <em>A</em>nchor.
[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="26"><em>Lynx and HTML Lists</em></a></h2>

Lynx implements the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a>
list elements UL (<em>Unordered List</em>), OL (<em>Ordered List</em>),
and DL (<em>Definition List</em>), and their associated attributes, and
elements (LH, LI, DT, and DD) for the most part as described in that
specification.  The lists can be nested, yielding progressively greater
indentation, up to six levels.  The <a
href="http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/MarkUp/html-spec/html-spec_toc.html"
>HTML 2.0</a> MENU and DIR elements <em>both</em> are treated as synonyms
for UL with the PLAIN attribute (no <em>bullets</em>, see below).  Note,
thus, that neither DIR nor MENU yields a series of columns with 24-character
spacing.  A single nesting index is maintained, so that different types of
List elements can be used for different levels within the nest.  Also, the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a>
FIG, CAPTION and CREDIT elements are treated as valid within list blocks.
They will be rendered with indentation appropriate for the current nesting
depth, and the CAPTION or CREDIT elements will have a <em>CAPTION:</em> or
<em>CREDIT:</em> label beginning the first line of their content.  The
content of any APPLET or OBJECT elements in the lists also will be indented
appropriately for the current nesting depth, but those will not invoke line
breaks unless indicated by their content, and it should not include markup
which is inappropriate within the list.

<p>Lynx also supports the TYPE attribute for OL elements, which can have
values of <em>1</em> for Arabic numbers, <em>I</em> or <em>i</em> for
uppercase or lowercase Roman numerals, or <em>A</em> or <em>a</em> for
uppercase or lowercase letters, that increment for successive LI elements
in the list block.  The CONTINUE attribute can be used to continue the
ordering from the preceding list block when the nesting depth is changed.

<p>Lynx treats the OL attributes START and SEQNUM as synonyms for specifying
the ordering value for the first LI element in the block.  The values should
be specified as Arabic numbers, but will be displayed as Arabic, Roman, or
alphabetical depending on the TYPE for the block.  The values can range from
<em>-29997</em> to the system's maximum positive integer for Arabic numbers.
For Roman numerals, they can range from <em>1</em> (<em>I</em> or <em>i</em>)
to <em>3000</em> (<em>MMM</em> or  <em>mmm.</em>).  For alphabetical orders,
the values can range from <em>1</em> (<em>A</em> or <em>a</em>) to
<em>18278</em> (<em>ZZZ</em> or <em>zzz</em>).  If the CONTINUE attribute is
used, you do not need to specify a START or SEQNUM attribute to extend the
ordering from a previous block, and you can include a TYPE attribute to
change among Arabic, Roman, or alphabetical ordering styles, or their casing,
without disrupting the sequence.  If you do not include a START, SEQNUM or
CONTINUE attribute, the first LI element of each OL block will default to
<em>1</em>, and if you do not include a TYPE attribute, Lynx defaults to
Arabic numbers.

<p>For UL blocks without the PLAIN attribute, Lynx uses <em>*</em>,
<em>+</em>, <em>o</em>, <em>#</em>, <em>@</em> and <em>-</em> as
<em>bullets</em> to indicate, progressively, the depth within the six
nesting levels.

<p>Lynx treats UL, OL, DIR, and MENU blocks as having the COMPACT attribute
by default, i.e., single spaces between LH and LI elements within those
blocks.  For DL blocks, double spacing will be used to separate the DT and
DD elements unless the COMPACT attribute has been specified.
[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="27"><em>Lynx and HTML Quotes</em></a></h2>

The <a
href="http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a> and
later specifications provide for two classes of quotation in HTML documents.
Block quotes, designated by the BLOCKQUOTE element (or it's abbreviated
synonym BQ in HTML 3.0), have implied paragraph breaks preceding and following
the start and end tags for the block.  Character level quotes, designated by
the Q element, in contrast are simply directives in the markup to insert an
appropriate quotation mark.

<p>Lynx renders block quotes with a greater than normal left and right
indentation.  Lynx does not support italics, and normally substitutes
underlining, but does not underline block quotes so as not to obscure any
explicit emphasis elements within the quotation.  The BLOCKQUOTE or BQ
block can include a CREDIT container element, whose content will be rendered
as an implied new paragraph with a <em>CREDIT:</em> label at the beginning of
its first line.

<p>Lynx respects nested Q start and end tags, and will use ASCII double-quotes
(<em>&quot;</em>) versus grave accent (<em>`</em>) and apostrophe
(<em>'</em>), respectively, for even versus odd depths in the nest.

<p>Any ID attributes in BLOCKQUOTE, BQ or Q elements will be treated as
named <em>A</em>nchors. [<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="28"><em>Lynx and Client-Side-Image-Maps</em></a></h2>

HTML includes markup, designed primarily for graphic clients, that treats
inlined images as maps, such that areas of the image within which a mouse
cursor was positioned when the mouse was <em>clicked</em> can correspond
to URLs which should be retrieved.  The original implementations
were based on the client sending an http server the x,y coordinates
associated with the <em>click</em>, for handling by a script invoked by
the server, and have been termed <em>server-side-image-maps</em>.  Lynx
has no rational way of coping with such a procedure, and thus simply
sends a 0,0 coordinate pair, which some server scripts treat as an
instruction to return a document suitable for a text client.

<p>Newer HTML markup provides bases for the client to determine the
URLs associated with areas in the image map, and/or for a text client
to process alternative markup and allow the user to make choices based
on textual information.  These have been termed
<em>client-side-image-maps</em>.

<p>Lynx recognizes and processes the MAP container element and its AREA
elements, and will create a menu of links for the HREF of each AREA when
the link created for the IMG element with a USEMAP attribute is activated.
The menu uses the ALT attributes of the AREA elements as the link names,
or, if the document's author has disregard for text clients and
sight-challenged Webizens, and thus did not include ALT attributes, Lynx
uses the resolved URLs pointed to by the HREF attributes as the link names.
Lynx uses the TITLE attribute of the IMG element, or the TITLE attribute of
the MAP, if either was present in the markup, as the title and main header
of the menu.  Otherwise, it uses the ALT attribute of the IMG element.  If
neither TITLE nor ALT attributes were present in the markup, Lynx creates
and uses a <em>[USEMAP]</em> pseudo-ALT.  The MAPs need not be in the same
document as the IMG elements.  If not in the same document, Lynx will fetch
the document which contains the referenced MAP, and locate it based on
its NAME or ID attribute.  All MAPs encountered in documents during a
Lynx session are cached, so that they need not be retrieved repeatedly
when referenced in different documents.

<p>If the IMG element also indicates a <em>server-side-image-map</em>
via an ISMAP attribute, Lynx normally will create a link for that as well,
using an <em>[ISMAP]</em> pseudo-ALT (followed by a hyphen to indicate its
association with the <em>client-side-image-map</em>) rather than ignoring
it, and will submit a 0,0 coordinate pair if that link is activated.
Although, the <em>client-side-image-map</em> may be more useful for a
client such as Lynx, because all of the URLs associated with the image
map can be accessed, and their nature indicated via ALT attributes,
Lynx-friendly sites can map 0,0 such that the server returns a
for-text-client document homologous to the content of FIG elements (see
below).  Inclusion of such a link for submissions to the server can be
disabled by default via the configuration file (lynx.cfg), and the
default can be toggled via the <em>-ismap</em> command line switch.

<p>Lynx also recognizes the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a>
FIG and OVERLAY elements, and will handle them as intended for text clients.
These are the ideal way to handle <em>client-side-image-maps</em>, because
the FIG content provides complete alternative markup, rather than relying
on the client to construct a relatively meager list of links with link
names based on ALT strings.

<p>The presently experimental OBJECT element encompasses much of the
functionality of the FIG element for <em>client-side-image-maps</em>.
Lynx will render and display the content of OBJECT elements which have
the SHAPES attribute equivalently to its handling of FIG.  Lynx also
handles OBJECT elements with the USEMAP and/or ISMAP attributes
equivalently to its handling of IMG elements with
<em>client-side-image-maps</em> and/or <em>server-side-image-maps</em>.
[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="29"><em>Lynx and Client-Side-Pull</em></a></h2>

HTML includes provision for passing instructions to clients via directives
in META elements, and one such instruction, via the token <em>Refresh</em>,
should invoke reloading of the document, fetched from a server with the
same URL or a new URL, at a specified number of seconds following receipt
of the current document.  This procedure has been termed
<em>client-side-pull</em>.  An example of such an element is:<BR>
<tab indent="12"><em>&lt;META HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh" CONTENT="3;
URL="http://host/path"&gt;</em><BR>
which instructs a client to fetch the indicated URL in 3 seconds after
receiving the current document.  If the <em>URL=</em> field is omitted,
the URL defaults to that of the current document.  A <em>no-cache</em>
directive is implied when the <em>Refresh</em> if for the same URL.

<p>Lynx recognizes and processes <em>Refresh</em> directives in META
elements, but puts up a labeled link, typically in the upper left corner
of the display, indicating the number of seconds intended before a
refresh, and the URL for the refresh, instead of making the request
automatically after the indicated number of seconds.  This allows
people using a braille interface any amount of time to examine the
current document before activating the link for the next URL.  In
general, if the number of seconds indicated is short, the timing
is not critical and you can activate the link whenever you like.
If it is long (e.g., 60 seconds), a server process may be generating
new documents or images at that interval, and you would be wasting
bandwidth by activating the link at a shorter interval.
[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="30"><em>Lynx State Management</em></A>
(Me want <em>cookie</em>!)</h2>

HTTP provides a means to carry state information across successive
connections between a browser and an http server.  Normally, http servers
respond to each browser request without relating that request to previous
or subsequent requests.  Though the inclusion of INPUT fields with
TYPE="hidden" can be used as a sort of state management by <a href="#19"
>HTML Forms</a>, a more general approach involves exchanges of MIME
headers between the server and browser.  When replying to a request,
the server can send a <em>Set-Cookie</em> MIME header which contains
information (<em>cookies</em>) relevant to the browser's request, and in
subsequent requests the browser can send a <em>Cookie</em> MIME header
with information derived from previously received cookies.

<p>State Management via cookie exchanges originally was implemented by
Netscape, and such cookies are now designated as <em>Version 0</em>.  A
more elaborate format for cookies, designated as <em>Version 1</em>, is
being standardized by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force).  Lynx
supports both <em>Version 0</em> and <em>Version 1</em> cookie exchanges.
This support can be disabled by default via the SET_COOKIES symbol in the
compilation (<em>userdefs.h</em>) and/or run time (<em>lynx.cfg</em>)
configuration files, and that default setting can be toggled via the
<em>-cookies</em> command line switch.

<p>When cookie support is enabled, <em>Set-Cookie</em> MIME headers
received from an http server invoke confirmation prompts with possible
replies of '<em>Y</em>'es or '<em>N</em>'o for acceptance of the cookie,
'<em>A</em>'lways to accept the cookie and to allow all subsequent
cookies from that <em>domain</em> (server's Fully Qualified Domain Name,
or site-identifying portion of the FQDN) without further confirmation
prompts, or ne'<em>V</em>'er to never allow cookies from that
<em>domain</em> to be accepted (silently ignore its <em>Set-Cookie</em>
MIME headers).  All unexpired cookies are held in a hypothetical
<em>Cookie Jar</em> which can be examined via the COOKIE_JAR keystroke
command, normally mapped to <em>Ctrl-K</em>, for invoking the <a
href="keystroke_commands/cookie_help.html">Cookie Jar Page</a>.  The
<em>Cookie Jar</em>, and any '<em>A</em>'lways or ne'<em>V</em>'er
'allow' settings, do not presently outlast the Lynx session.

<p>A common use of cookies by http servers is simply to track the
documents visited by individual users.  Though this can be useful to the
site's WebMaster for evaluating and improving the organization of links
in the various documents of the site, if the user has configured Lynx
to include a <em>From</em> MIME header with the user's email address in
http requests, or has passed personal information to the server via a
form submission, the tracking might be used to draw inferences, possibly
incorrect, about that user, and may be considered by some as an invasion
of privacy.

<p>An example of worthwhile State Management via cookies is the setting
of personal preferences, typically via a form submission to the site,
which will then apply to all documents visited at that site.

<p>If you accept cookies when accessing a site, but are given no indication
about how they will be used in subsequent requests to that site, nor can
infer how they will be used, you can <em>Gobble</em> (delete) the cookies
and/or change the 'allow' setting for its <em>domain</em> via the <a
href="keystroke_commands/cookie_help.html">Cookie Jar Page</a>.
[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="31"><em>The Lynx command line</em></A></h2>

A summary of the Lynx command line options (switches) is returned to
stdout if Lynx is invoked with the <em>-help</em> switch.  A description
of the options also should be available via the system man (Unix) pages
or help (VMS) libraries.  The basic syntax of the Lynx command line can
be represented as one of the following:

<dl>
   <dt><code>Command</code>
     	<dd><code>lynx [options]</code>
     	<dd><code>lynx [options] startfile</code>
</dl>

where

<dl>
   <dt><code>startfile</code> 
  	<dd>is the file or URL that Lynx will load at start-up. 
  	  <ul>
             <li>If startfile is not specified, Lynx will use a default 
	         starting file and base directory determined during
		 installation.
             <li>If a specified file is local (i.e., not a URL) Lynx
                 displays that file and uses the directory in which that
		 file resides as the base directory.
             <li>If a URL is specified, the file will be retrieved,
                 and only the server base directory will be relevant
                 to further accesses.
          </ul>
   <dt><code>options</code>
  	<dd>can be selected from the following list, where items in
	    all-caps indicate that a substitution must be made.
  	   <dl>
   	     <dt><code>-</code>
    		<dd>If the argument is only '<code>-</code>' (dash), then Lynx
		    expects to receive the arguments from stdin. This is to
		    allow for the potentially very long command line that can
		    be associated with the <em>-get_data</em> or
		    <em>-post_data</em> arguments (see below).  On VMS, it
		    must be encased in double-quotes (&quot;-&quot;) and the
		    keyboard input terminated with <em>Control-Z</em> or the
		    command file input terminated by a line that begins
		    with '<em>$</em>'.  On Unix, the keyboard input terminator
		    is <em>Control-D</em>.
   	     <dt><code>-anonymous</code>
    		<dd>used to specify the anonymous account.
   	     <dt><code>-assume_charset=MIMEname</code>
    		<dd>charset for documents that don't specify it.
   	     <dt><code>-assume_local_charset=MIMEname</code>
    		<dd>charset assumed for local files.
   	     <dt><code>-assume_unrec_charset=MIMEname</code>
    		<dd>use this instead of unrecognized charsets.
	     <dt><code>-auth=ID:PW</code>
		<dd>set authorization ID and password for protected documents
		    at startup.  Be sure to protect any script files which use
		    this switch.
	     <dt><code>-base</code>
		<dd>prepend a request URL comment and BASE tag to text/html
		    outputs for -source dumps.
	     <dt><code>-blink</code>
		<dd>forces high intensity bg colors for color mode,
		    if available and supported by the terminal.
		    Lynx needs to be compiled with the slang library for this
		    flag.
	     <dt><code>-book</code>
		<dd>use the bookmark page as the startfile.  The default or
                    command line startfile is still set for the Main screen
                    command, and will be used if the bookmark page is
                    unavailable or blank.
	     <dt><code>-buried_news</code>
		<dd>toggles scanning of news articles for buried references,
		    and converts them to news links.  Not recommended because
		    email addresses enclosed in angle brackets will be
		    converted to false news links, and uuencoded messages can
		    be trashed.
             <dt><code>-cache=NUMBER</code>
    		<dd>set the <em>NUMBER</em> of documents cached in memory.
    		    The default is 10.
   	     <dt><code>-case</code>
    		<dd>enable case-sensitive string searching.
             <dt><code>-cfg=FILENAME</code>
    		<dd>specifies a Lynx configuration file other than the default
    		    lynx.cfg.
             <dt><code>-child</code>
    		<dd>exit on left-arrow in startfile, and disable save to disk.
             <dt><code>-color</code>
    		<dd>forces color mode on, if available.  Default color control sequences
		       which work for many terminal types are assumed if the terminal
		       capability description does not specify how to handle color.
		       Lynx needs to be compiled with the slang library for this flag.
		       A saved show_color=always setting found in a .lynxrc file at
		       startup has the same effect.  A saved show_color=always found
		       in .lynxrc on startup is overridden by this flag.
             <dt><code>-cookies</code>
    		<dd>toggles handling of Set-Cookie headers.
             <dt><code>-core</code>
    		<dd>toggles forced core dumps on fatal errors. (Unix only)
             <dt><code>-crawl</code>
    		<dd>with <em>-traversal</em>, output each page to a file.<br>
    		    with <em>-dump</em>, format output as with
		    <em>-traversal</em>, but to stdout.
             <dt><code>-display=DISPLAY</code>
    		<dd>set the display variable for X rexe-ced programs.
             <dt><code>-dump</code>
      		<dd>dumps the formatted output of the default document
		    or one specified on the command line to standard out.
                    This can be used in the following way:<br>
                    <em>lynx -dump http://www.w3.org/</em>
             <dt><code>-editor=EDITOR</code>
    		<dd>enable edit mode using the specified 
		    <em>EDITOR</em>. (vi, ed, emacs, etc.)
             <dt><code>-emacskeys</code>
    		<dd>enable emacs-like key movement.
             <dt><code>-enable_scrollback</code>
    		<dd>toggles behavior compatible with the scrollback keys in
		    some communications software (may be incompatible with
		    some curses packages).
	     <dt><code>-error_file=FILENAME</code>
		<dd>the status code from the HTTP request is placed in this
		    file.
	     <dt><code>-locexec</code>
		<dd>enable local program execution from local files only
		    (if lynx was compiled with local execution enabled).
	     <dt><code>-fileversions</code> 
		<dd>include all versions of files in local VMS directory
		    listings.
	     <dt><code>-force_html</code> 
		<dd>forces the first document to be interpreted as HTML.
	     <dt><code>-force_secure</code> 
		<dd>toggles forcing of the secure flag for SSL cookies.
             <dt><code>-from</code>
    		<dd>toggles transmissions of From headers to HTTP or HTTPS
		    servers.
	     <dt><code>-ftp</code> 
		<dd>disable ftp access.
	    <dt><code>-get_data</code>
		<dd>properly formatted data for a get form are read in from
		    stdin and passed to the form. Input is terminated by a
		    line that starts with '---'.
	     <dt><code>-head</code>
		<dd>send a HEAD request for the mime headers.
             <dt><code>-help</code>
    		<dd>print this Lynx command syntax usage message.
             <dt><code>-historical</code>
    		<dd>toggles use of '&gt;' or '--&gt;' as a terminator for
		    comments.
             <dt><code>-homepage=URL</code>
    		<dd>set homepage separate from start page.  Will be used
		    if a fetch of the start page fails or if it is a
		    script which does not return a document, and as the
		    <code>URL</code> for the '<em>m</em>'ain menu command.
             <dt><code>-image_links</code>
    		<dd>toggles inclusion of links for all images.
             <dt><code>-ismap</code>
    		<dd>toggles inclusion of ISMAP links when client-side
		    MAPs are present.
             <dt><code>-index=URL</code>
    		<dd>set the default index file to the specified <em>URL</em>
             <dt><code>-link=NUMBER</code>
    		<dd>starting count for lnk#.dat files produced by
		    <em>-crawl</em>.
             <dt><code>-localhost</code>
    		<dd>disable URLs that point to remote hosts.
	     <dt><code>-mime_header</code>
		<dd>include mime headers and force source dump.
	     <dt><code>-minimal</code>
		<dd>toggles minimal versus valid comment parsing.  When
		    minimal, any '--&gt;' serves as a terminator for a
		    comment element.  When valid, pairs of '--' are
		    treated as delimiters for series of comments within
		    the overall comment element.  If historical is set,
		    that overrides minimal or valid comment parsing.
             <dt><code>-newschunksize=NUMBER</code>
    		<dd>number of articles in chunked news listings.
             <dt><code>-newsmaxchunk=NUMBER</code>
    		<dd>maximum news articles in listings before chunking.
             <dt><code>-nobrowse</code>
    		<dd>disable directory browsing.
             <dt><code>-nocc</code>
    		<dd>disable Cc: prompts for self copies of mailings.  Note
		    that this does not disable any CCs which are incorporated
		    within a mailto URL or form ACTION.
             <dt><code>-nocolor</code>
    		<dd>force color mode off, overriding terminal capabilities and any
	       <em>-color</em> flags, <em>COLORTERM</em> variable, and saved .lynxrc settings.
             <dt><code>-noexec</code>
    		<dd>disable local program execution. (DEFAULT)
             <dt><code>-nofilereferer</code>
    		<dd>disable transmissions of Referer headers for file URLs.
             <dt><code>-nolist</code>
    		<dd>disable the link list feature in dumps.
             <dt><code>-nolog</code>
    		<dd>disable mailing of error messages to document owners.
             <dt><code>-nopause</code>
    		<dd>disable forced pauses for statusline messages.
             <dt><code>-noprint</code>
    		<dd>disable print functions.
	     <dt><code>-noredir</code>
		<dd>don't follow URL redirections
             <dt><code>-noreferer</code>
    		<dd>disable transmissions of Referer headers.
             <dt><code>-nosocks</code>
    		<dd>disable SOCKS proxy usage by a SOCKSified Lynx.
             <dt><code>-nostatus</code>
    		<dd>disable the retrieval status messages.
             <dt><code>-number_links</code>
    		<dd>force numbering of links.
	     <dt><code>-pauth=ID:PW</code>
		<dd>set authorization ID and password for a protected proxy
		    server at startup.  Be sure to protect any script files
		    which use this switch.
	     <dt><code>-popup</code>
		<dd>toggles handling of single-choice SELECT options via
		    popup windows or as lists of radio buttons.  The default
          	    configuration can be changed in userdefs.h or lynx.cfg.
		    It also can be set and saved via the 'o'ptions menu.
                    The command line switch toggles the default.
	     <dt><code>-post_data</code>
		<dd>properly formatted data for a post form are read in from
		    stdin and passed to the form. Input is terminated by a
		    line that starts with '---'.
             <dt><code>-preparsed</code>
    		<dd>show source preparsed and reformatted when used with
                    -source or in source view ('<em>\</em>').
             <dt><code>-print</code>
    		<dd>enable print functions. (default)
             <dt><code>-pseudo_inlines</code>
    		<dd>toggles pseudo-ALTs for inlines with no ALT string.
             <dt><code>-raw</code>
    		<dd>toggles default setting of 8-bit character translations
                    or CJK mode for the startup character set.
             <dt><code>-realm</code>
                <dd>restricts access to URLs in the starting realm.
              <dt><code>-reload</code>
                <dd>flushes the cache on a proxy server
                    (only the first document affected).
             <dt><code>-restrictions</code>
     		<dd>allows a list of services to be disabled
		    selectively and takes the following form:
		<dd><em>lynx -restrictions=[option][,option][,option]...</em>
		<dd>This list is printed if no options are specified.
      	       <dl>
       		<dt>all    
 			<dd>restricts all options.
       		<dt>bookmark 
        		<dd>disallow changing the location of the bookmark 
			    file.
       		<dt>bookmark_exec
        		<dd>disallow execution links via the bookmark file.
       		<dt>change_exec_perms
        		<dd>disallow changing the eXecute permission on
                            files (but still allow it for directories) when
                            local file management is enabled.
       		<dt>default 
        		<dd>same as command line option <em>-anonymous</em>. 
			    Disables default services for anonymous users. 
			    Currently set to all restricted except for: 
			    inside_telnet, outside_telnet, inside_news, 
			    inside_ftp, outside_ftp, inside_rlogin,
			    outside_rlogin, jump, mail and goto.  Defaults 
			    are settable within userdefs.h.
       		<dt>dired_support
        		<dd>disallow local file management.
       		<dt>disk_save 
        		<dd>disallow saving to disk in the download and print
			    menus.
		<dt>download
			<dd>disallow downloaders in the download menu.
       		<dt>editor  
			<dd>disallow editing.
       		<dt>exec    
			<dd>disable execution scripts.
       		<dt>exec_frozen
			<dd>disallow the user from changing the local 
			    execution option.
		<dt>file_url 
        		<dd>disallow using G)oto, served links or bookmarks
			    for file: URLs.
       		<dt>goto    
			<dd>disable the '<em>g</em>' (goto) command.  
		<dt>inside_ftp
			<dd>disallow ftps for people coming from inside your
			    domain.
		<dt>inside_news
			<dd>disallow USENET news posting for people coming 
			    from inside you domain.
		<dt>inside_rlogin
			<dd>disallow rlogins for people coming from inside
			    your domain.
       		<dt>inside_telnet 
        		<dd>disallow telnets for people coming from inside 
			    your domain. 
		<dt>jump
			<dd>disable the '<em>j</em>' (jump) command.
		<dt>mail
			<dd>disallow mailing feature.
		<dt>multibook
			<dd>disallow multiple bookmarks.
		<dt>news_post
			<dd>disallow USENET News posting.
		<dt>options_save 
        		<dd>disallow saving options in .lynxrc.
		<dt>outside_ftp
			<dd>disallow ftps for people coming from outside your
			    domain.
		<dt>outside_news
			<dd>disallow USENET news posting for people coming 
			    from outside you domain.
		<dt>outside_rlogin
			<dd>disallow rlogins for people coming from outside
			    your domain.
       		<dt>outside_telnet 
        		<dd>disallow telnets for people coming from 
			    outside your domain. 
       		<dt>print   
			<dd>disallow most print options. 
       		<dt>shell   
			<dd>disallow shell escapes.
       		<dt>suspend
			<dd>disallow <em>Control-Z</em> suspends with escape
			    to shell on Unix.
       		<dt>telnet_port
			<dd>disallow specifying a port in telnet G)oto's.
       		<dt>useragent
			<dd>disallow modifications of the User-Agent header.
               </dl>

    	     <dt><code>-resubmit_posts</code>
		<dd>toggles forced resubmissions (no-cache) of forms with
		    method POST when the documents they returned are sought
		    with the PREV_DOC (<em>left-arrow</em>) command or from
		    the <em>History Page</em>.
    	     <dt><code>-rlogin</code>
		<dd>disable recognition of rlogin commands.
    	     <dt><code>-selective</code>
		<dd>require .www_browsable files to browse directories.
	     <dt><code>-show_cursor </code>
      		<dd>If enabled the cursor will not be hidden in the right hand
          	    corner but will instead be positioned at the start of the
          	    currently selected link.  Show cursor is the default for
		    systems without FANCY_CURSES capabilities.  The default
          	    configuration can be changed in userdefs.h or lynx.cfg.
		    It also can be set and saved via the 'o'ptions menu.
                    The command line switch toggles the default.
             <dt><code>-soft_dquotes</code>
    		<dd>toggles emulation of the old Netscape and Mosaic bug which
		    treated '<em>&gt;</em>' as a co-terminator for
		    double-quotes and tags.
    	     <dt><code>-source</code> 
       		<dd>works the same as dump but outputs HTML source instead of
                    formatted text.
    	     <dt><code>-startfile_ok</code>
		<dd>allow non-http startfile and homepage with
		    <em>-validate</em>.
             <dt><code>-telnet</code>
    		<dd>disable recognition of telnet commands.
             <dt><code>-term=TERM</code>
    		<dd>tell Lynx what terminal type to assume its talking to.
    		    (This may be useful for remote execution, when, for
		    example, Lynx connects to a remote TCP/IP port that starts
		    a script that, in turn, starts another Lynx process.)
             <dt><code>-tlog</code>
    		<dd>toggles use of a <em>Lynx Trace Log</em> for the current
		    session.  The log is named <em>lynx.trace</em> and is
		    created in the home directory when Lynx trace mode is
		    turned on via the <em>-trace</em> command line switch
		    (see below), or via the TOGGLE_TRACE (<em>Control-T</em>)
		    keystroke command.  Once a log is started for the session,
		    all trace and other stderr messages are written to the
		    log.  The contents of the log can be examined during
		    the session via the TRACE_LOG (normally, '<em>;</em>')
		    keystroke command.
             <dt><code>-trace</code>
    		<dd>turns on Lynx trace mode.  If a Lynx Trace Log
		    (<em>lynx.trace</em> in the home directory) has
		    been started for the current session, all trace and
		    other stderr messages are written to that log, and
		    can be examined during the session via the TRACE_LOG
		    (normally, '<em>;</em>') command.
             <dt><code>-traversal</code>
    		<dd>traverse all http links derived from startfile.  When
		    used with <em>-crawl</em>, each link that begins with the
		    same string as startfile is output to a file, intended for
		    indexing.  See CRAWL.announce for more information.
             <dt><code>-underscore</code>
    		<dd>toggles use of _underline_ format in dumps.
             <dt><code>-validate</code>
    		<dd>accept only http URLs (for validation).  Complete
		    security restrictions also are implemented.
             <dt><code>-version</code>
    		<dd>print version information
             <dt><code>-vikeys</code>
    		<dd>enable vi-like key movement.
             <dt><code>-width=NUMBER</code>
    		<dd>number of columns for formatting of dumps, default is 80.
         </dl>
</dl>

<p>No options are required, nor is a startfile argument required.
White space may be substituted for any equal sign ('<em>=</em>')
appearing in the option list above. [<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]

<h2><A NAME="32"><em>Lynx development history</em></A></h2>

Lynx grew out of efforts to build a campus-wide information system
at The University of Kansas.  The earliest versions of Lynx provided a
user-friendly, distributed hypertext interface for users connected to
multiuser (Unix and VMS) systems via curses-oriented display devices.
A custom hypertext format was developed to support hypertext links to
local files and files on remote Gopher servers.  Using Gopher servers
for distributed file service allowed information providers to publish
information from a wide variety of platforms (including Unix, VMS,
VM/CMS and Macintosh).  In addition, Lynx became the most user-friendly
Gopher client, although that was only an ancillary capability.

<p>This distributed approach let providers retain complete control
over their information, but it made communication between users
and providers somewhat more difficult.  Following the lead of Neal
Erdwien, of Kansas State University, the Lynx hypertext format was
extended to include links for including ownership information with
each file.  This information made it possible for users running
Lynx clients to send comments and suggestions via e-mail to the
providers.

<p>This early version of Lynx was also augmented to support hypertext
links to programs running on remote systems.  It included the ability
to open a Telnet connection, as well as the ability to start programs
via rexec, inetd, or by direct socket connects.  These capabilities were
included to allow users to access databases or custom program interfaces.

<p>A subsequent version of Lynx incorporated the World Wide Web libraries
to allow access to the full list of WWW servers, along with the option to
build hypertext documents in HTML, rather than the native Lynx format.
HTML has become far more widely used, and the native format has been phased
out.  With the addition of the WWW libraries, Lynx became a fully-featured
WWW client, limited only by the display capabilities offered in the curses
environment.

<p>Lynx was designed by Lou Montulli, Charles Rezac and Michael Grobe
of Academic Computing Services at The University of Kansas.  Lynx was
implemented by Lou Montulli and maintained by Garrett Arch Blythe and
Craig Lavender.

<p><em>Foteos Macrides</em> and members of the
<a href="../about_lynx/about_lynx-dev.html">lynx-dev</a> list have
developed and supported Lynx since release of v2.3 in May 1994. The
Lynx2-3FM code set was released as v2.4 in June 1995. The Lynx2-4FM
code set was released as v2.5 in May 1996. The Lynx2-5FM code set was
released as v2.6 in September 1996. The Lynx2-6FM code set was released
as v2.7 in February 1997, and v2.7.1 with bug fixes for v2.7 was
released in April 1997.

<p>Lynx has incorporated code from a variety of sources along the
way.  The earliest versions of Lynx included code from Earl Fogel
of Computing Services at the University of Saskatchewan, who
implemented HYPERREZ in the Unix environment.  Those versions also
incorporated libraries from the Unix Gopher clients developed at
the University of Minnesota, and the later versions of Lynx rely
on the WWW client library code developed by Tim Berners-Lee (and
others) and the WWW community.

<p>Information on obtaining the most current version of Lynx is available
via <a href="http://www.crl.com/~subir/lynx.html">Lynx links</a>.

<p>[<A HREF="#TOC">ToC</A>]
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