#
#
# Nimrod's Runtime Library
# (c) Copyright 2010 Andreas Rumpf
#
# See the file "copying.txt", included in this
# distribution, for details about the copyright.
#
## The compiler depends on the System module to work properly and the System
## module depends on the compiler. Most of the routines listed here use
## special compiler magic.
## Each module implicitly imports the System module; it must not be listed
## explicitly. Because of this there cannot be a user-defined module named
## ``system``.
{.push hints: off.}
type
int* {.magic: Int.} ## default integer type; bitwidth depends on
## architecture, but is always the same as a pointer
int8* {.magic: Int8.} ## signed 8 bit integer type
int16* {.magic: Int16.} ## signed 16 bit integer type
int32* {.magic: Int32.} ## signed 32 bit integer type
int64* {.magic: Int64.} ## signed 64 bit integer type
float* {.magic: Float.} ## default floating point type
float32* {.magic: Float32.} ## 32 bit floating point type
float64* {.magic: Float64.} ## 64 bit floating point type
type # we need to start a new type section here, so that ``0`` can have a type
bool* {.magic: Bool.} = enum ## built-in boolean type
false = 0, true = 1
type
char* {.magic: Char.} ## built-in 8 bit character type (unsigned)
string* {.magic: String.} ## built-in string type
cstring* {.magic: Cstring.} ## built-in cstring (*compatible string*) type
pointer* {.magic: Pointer.} ## built-in pointer type
Ordinal* {.magic: Ordinal.}[T]
type
`nil` {.magic: "Nil".}
expr* {.magic: Expr.} ## meta type to denote an expression (for templates)
stmt* {.magic: Stmt.} ## meta type to denote a statement (for templates)
typeDesc* {.magic: TypeDesc.} ## meta type to denote
## a type description (for templates)
proc defined*[T](x: T): bool {.magic: "Defined", noSideEffect.}
## Special compile-time procedure that checks whether `x` is
## defined. `x` has to be an identifier or a qualified identifier.
## This can be used to check whether a library provides a certain
## feature or not:
##
## .. code-block:: Nimrod
## when not defined(strutils.toUpper):
## # provide our own toUpper proc here, because strutils is
## # missing it.
proc definedInScope*[T](x: T): bool {.
magic: "DefinedInScope", noSideEffect.}
## Special compile-time procedure that checks whether `x` is
## defined in the current scope. `x` has to be an identifier.
proc `not` *(x: bool): bool {.magic: "Not", noSideEffect.}
## Boolean not; returns true iff ``x == false``.
proc `and`*(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "And", noSideEffect.}
## Boolean ``and``; returns true iff ``x == y == true``.
## Evaluation is short-circuited: this means that if ``x`` is false,
## ``y`` will not even be evaluated.
proc `or`*(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "Or", noSideEffect.}
## Boolean ``or``; returns true iff ``not (not x and not y)``.
## Evaluation is short-circuited: this means that if ``x`` is true,
## ``y`` will not even be evaluated.
proc `xor`*(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "Xor", noSideEffect.}
## Boolean `exclusive or`; returns true iff ``x != y``.
proc new*[T](a: var ref T) {.magic: "New", noSideEffect.}
## creates a new object of type ``T`` and returns a safe (traced)
## reference to it in ``a``.
proc new*[T](a: var ref T, finalizer: proc (x: ref T)) {.
magic: "NewFinalize", noSideEffect.}
## creates a new object of type ``T`` and returns a safe (traced)
## reference to it in ``a``. When the garbage collector frees the object,
## `finalizer` is called. The `finalizer` may not keep a reference to the
## object pointed to by `x`. The `finalizer` cannot prevent the GC from
## freeing the object. Note: The `finalizer` refers to the type `T`, not to
## the object! This means that for each object of type `T` the finalizer
## will be called!
# for low and high the return type T may not be correct, but
# we handle that with compiler magic in SemLowHigh()
proc high*[T](x: T): T {.magic: "High", noSideEffect.}
## returns the highest possible index of an array, a sequence, a string or
## the highest possible value of an ordinal value `x`. As a special
## semantic rule, `x` may also be a type identifier.
proc low*[T](x: T): T {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect.}
## returns the lowest possible index of an array, a sequence, a string or
## the lowest possible value of an ordinal value `x`. As a special
## semantic rule, `x` may also be a type identifier.
type
range*{.magic: "Range".} [T] ## Generic type to construct range types.
array*{.magic: "Array".}[I, T] ## Generic type to construct
## fixed-length arrays.
openarray*{.magic: "OpenArray".}[T] ## Generic type to construct open arrays.
## Open arrays are implemented as a
## pointer to the array data and a
## length field.
seq*{.magic: "Seq".}[T] ## Generic type to construct sequences.
set*{.magic: "Set".}[T] ## Generic type to construct bit sets.
when not defined(EcmaScript) and not defined(NimrodVM):
type
TGenericSeq {.compilerproc, pure.} = object
len, space: int
PGenericSeq {.exportc.} = ptr TGenericSeq
# len and space without counting the terminating zero:
NimStringDesc {.compilerproc, final.} = object of TGenericSeq
data: array[0..100_000_000, char]
NimString = ptr NimStringDesc
include "system/hti"
type
Byte* = Int8 ## this is an alias for ``int8``, that is a signed
## int 8 bits wide.
Natural* = range[0..high(int)]
## is an int type ranging from zero to the maximum value
## of an int. This type is often useful for documentation and debugging.
Positive* = range[1..high(int)]
## is an int type ranging from one to the maximum value
## of an int. This type is often useful for documentation and debugging.
TObject* {.exportc: "TNimObject".} =
object ## the root of Nimrod's object hierarchy. Objects should
## inherit from TObject or one of its descendants. However,
## objects that have no ancestor are allowed.
PObject* = ref TObject ## reference to TObject
E_Base* {.compilerproc.} = object of TObject ## base exception class;
## each exception has to
## inherit from `E_Base`.
name: cstring ## The exception's name is its Nimrod identifier.
## This field is filled automatically in the
## ``raise`` statement.
msg* {.exportc: "message".}: string ## the exception's message. Not
## providing an exception message
## is bad style.
EAsynch* = object of E_Base ## Abstract exception class for
## *asynchronous exceptions* (interrupts).
## This is rarely needed: Most
## exception types inherit from `ESynch`
ESynch* = object of E_Base ## Abstract exception class for
## *synchronous exceptions*. Most exceptions
## should be inherited (directly or indirectly)
## from ESynch.
ESystem* = object of ESynch ## Abstract class for exceptions that the runtime
## system raises.
EIO* = object of ESystem ## raised if an IO error occured.
EOS* = object of ESystem ## raised if an operating system service failed.
EInvalidLibrary* = object of EOS ## raised if a dynamic library
## could not be loaded.
EResourceExhausted* = object of ESystem ## raised if a resource request
## could not be fullfilled.
EArithmetic* = object of ESynch ## raised if any kind of arithmetic
## error occured.
EDivByZero* {.compilerproc.} =
object of EArithmetic ## is the exception class for integer divide-by-zero
## errors.
EOverflow* {.compilerproc.} =
object of EArithmetic ## is the exception class for integer calculations
## whose results are too large to fit in the
## provided bits.
EAccessViolation* {.compilerproc.} =
object of ESynch ## the exception class for invalid memory access errors
EAssertionFailed* {.compilerproc.} =
object of ESynch ## is the exception class for Assert
## procedures that is raised if the
## assertion proves wrong
EControlC* = object of EAsynch ## is the exception class for Ctrl+C
## key presses in console applications.
EInvalidValue* = object of ESynch ## is the exception class for string
## and object conversion errors.
EOutOfMemory* = object of ESystem ## is the exception class for
## unsuccessful attempts to allocate
## memory.
EInvalidIndex* = object of ESynch ## is raised if an array index is out
## of bounds.
EInvalidField* = object of ESynch ## is raised if a record field is not
## accessible because its dicriminant's
## value does not fit.
EOutOfRange* = object of ESynch ## is raised if a range check error
## occured.
EStackOverflow* = object of ESystem ## is raised if the hardware stack
## used for subroutine calls overflowed.
ENoExceptionToReraise* = object of ESynch ## is raised if there is no
## exception to reraise.
EInvalidObjectAssignment* =
object of ESynch ## is raised if an object gets assigned to its
## farther's object.
EInvalidObjectConversion* =
object of ESynch ## is raised if an object is converted to an incompatible
## object type.
EFloatingPoint* = object of ESynch ## base class for floating point exceptions
EFloatInvalidOp* {.compilerproc.} =
object of EFloatingPoint ## Invalid operation according to IEEE: Raised by
## 0.0/0.0, for example.
EFloatDivByZero* {.compilerproc.} =
object of EFloatingPoint ## Division by zero. Divisor is zero and dividend
## is a finite nonzero number.
EFloatOverflow* {.compilerproc.} =
object of EFloatingPoint ## Overflow. Operation produces a result
## that exceeds the range of the exponent
EFloatUnderflow* {.compilerproc.} =
object of EFloatingPoint ## Underflow. Operation produces a result
## that is too small to be represented as
## a normal number
EFloatInexact* {.compilerproc.} =
object of EFloatingPoint ## Inexact. Operation produces a result
## that cannot be represented with infinite
## precision -- for example, 2.0 / 3.0, log(1.1)
## NOTE: Nimrod currently does not detect these!
TResult* = enum Failure, Success
proc sizeof*[T](x: T): natural {.magic: "SizeOf", noSideEffect.}
## returns the size of ``x`` in bytes. Since this is a low-level proc,
## its usage is discouraged - using ``new`` for the most cases suffices
## that one never needs to know ``x``'s size. As a special semantic rule,
## ``x`` may also be a type identifier (``sizeof(int)`` is valid).
proc succ*[T](x: ordinal[T], y = 1): T {.magic: "Succ", noSideEffect.}
## returns the ``y``-th successor of the value ``x``. ``T`` has to be
## an ordinal type. If such a value does not exist, ``EOutOfRange`` is raised
## or a compile time error occurs.
proc pred*[T](x: ordinal[T], y = 1): T {.magic: "Pred", noSideEffect.}
## returns the ``y``-th predecessor of the value ``x``. ``T`` has to be
## an ordinal type. If such a value does not exist, ``EOutOfRange`` is raised
## or a compile time error occurs.
proc inc*[T](x: var ordinal[T], y = 1) {.magic: "Inc", noSideEffect.}
## increments the ordinal ``x`` by ``y``. If such a value does not
## exist, ``EOutOfRange`` is raised or a compile time error occurs. This is a
## short notation for: ``x = succ(x, y)``.
proc dec*[T](x: var ordinal[T], y = 1) {.magic: "Dec", noSideEffect.}
## decrements the ordinal ``x`` by ``y``. If such a value does not
## exist, ``EOutOfRange`` is raised or a compile time error occurs. This is a
## short notation for: ``x = pred(x, y)``.
proc newSeq*[T](s: var seq[T], len: int) {.magic: "NewSeq", noSideEffect.}
## creates a new sequence of type ``seq[T]`` with length ``len``.
## This is equivalent to ``s = @[]; setlen(s, len)``, but more
## efficient since no reallocation is needed.
proc len*[T](x: openarray[T]): int {.magic: "LengthOpenArray", noSideEffect.}
proc len*(x: string): int {.magic: "LengthStr", noSideEffect.}
proc len*(x: cstring): int {.magic: "LengthStr", noSideEffect.}
proc len*[I, T](x: array[I, T]): int {.magic: "LengthArray", noSideEffect.}
proc len*[T](x: seq[T]): int {.magic: "LengthSeq", noSideEffect.}
## returns the length of an array, a sequence or a string.
## This is rougly the same as ``high(T)-low(T)+1``, but its resulting type is
## always an int.
# set routines:
proc incl*[T](x: var set[T], y: T) {.magic: "Incl", noSideEffect.}
## includes element ``y`` to the set ``x``. This is the same as
## ``x = x + {y}``, but it might be more efficient.
proc excl*[T](x: var set[T], y: T) {.magic: "Excl", noSideEffect.}
## excludes element ``y`` to the set ``x``. This is the same as
## ``x = x - {y}``, but it might be more efficient.
proc card*[T](x: set[T]): int {.magic: "Card", noSideEffect.}
## returns the cardinality of the set ``x``, i.e. the number of elements
## in the set.
proc ord*[T](x: T): int {.magic: "Ord", noSideEffect.}
## returns the internal int value of an ordinal value ``x``.
proc chr*(u: range[0..255]): char {.magic: "Chr", noSideEffect.}
## converts an int in the range 0..255 to a character.
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------
# built-in operators
proc ze*(x: int8): int {.magic: "Ze8ToI", noSideEffect.}
## zero extends a smaller integer type to ``int``. This treats `x` as
## unsigned.
proc ze*(x: int16): int {.magic: "Ze16ToI", noSideEffect.}
## zero extends a smaller integer type to ``int``. This treats `x` as
## unsigned.
proc ze64*(x: int8): int64 {.magic: "Ze8ToI64", noSideEffect.}
## zero extends a smaller integer type to ``int64``. This treats `x` as
## unsigned.
proc ze64*(x: int16): int64 {.magic: "Ze16ToI64", noSideEffect.}
## zero extends a smaller integer type to ``int64``. This treats `x` as
## unsigned.
proc ze64*(x: int32): int64 {.magic: "Ze32ToI64", noSideEffect.}
## zero extends a smaller integer type to ``int64``. This treats `x` as
## unsigned.
proc ze64*(x: int): int64 {.magic: "ZeIToI64", noDecl, noSideEffect.}
## zero extends a smaller integer type to ``int64``. This treats `x` as
## unsigned. Does nothing if the size of an ``int`` is the same as ``int64``.
## (This is the case on 64 bit processors.)
proc toU8*(x: int): int8 {.magic: "ToU8", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` as unsigned and converts it to a byte by taking the last 8 bits
## from `x`.
proc toU16*(x: int): int16 {.magic: "ToU16", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` as unsigned and converts it to an ``int16`` by taking the last
## 16 bits from `x`.
proc toU32*(x: int64): int32 {.magic: "ToU32", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` as unsigned and converts it to an ``int32`` by taking the
## last 32 bits from `x`.
# integer calculations:
proc `+` *(x: int): int {.magic: "UnaryPlusI", noSideEffect.}
proc `+` *(x: int8): int8 {.magic: "UnaryPlusI", noSideEffect.}
proc `+` *(x: int16): int16 {.magic: "UnaryPlusI", noSideEffect.}
proc `+` *(x: int32): int32 {.magic: "UnaryPlusI", noSideEffect.}
proc `+` *(x: int64): int64 {.magic: "UnaryPlusI64", noSideEffect.}
## Unary `+` operator for an integer. Has no effect.
proc `-` *(x: int): int {.magic: "UnaryMinusI", noSideEffect.}
proc `-` *(x: int8): int8 {.magic: "UnaryMinusI", noSideEffect.}
proc `-` *(x: int16): int16 {.magic: "UnaryMinusI", noSideEffect.}
proc `-` *(x: int32): int32 {.magic: "UnaryMinusI", noSideEffect.}
proc `-` *(x: int64): int64 {.magic: "UnaryMinusI64", noSideEffect.}
## Unary `-` operator for an integer. Negates `x`.
proc `not` *(x: int): int {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect.}
proc `not` *(x: int8): int8 {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect.}
proc `not` *(x: int16): int16 {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect.}
proc `not` *(x: int32): int32 {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect.}
proc `not` *(x: int64): int64 {.magic: "BitnotI64", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `bitwise complement` of the integer `x`.
proc `+` *(x, y: int): int {.magic: "AddI", noSideEffect.}
proc `+` *(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "AddI", noSideEffect.}
proc `+` *(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "AddI", noSideEffect.}
proc `+` *(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "AddI", noSideEffect.}
proc `+` *(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "AddI64", noSideEffect.}
## Binary `+` operator for an integer.
proc `-` *(x, y: int): int {.magic: "SubI", noSideEffect.}
proc `-` *(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "SubI", noSideEffect.}
proc `-` *(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "SubI", noSideEffect.}
proc `-` *(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "SubI", noSideEffect.}
proc `-` *(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "SubI64", noSideEffect.}
## Binary `-` operator for an integer.
proc `*` *(x, y: int): int {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect.}
proc `*` *(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect.}
proc `*` *(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect.}
proc `*` *(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect.}
proc `*` *(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "MulI64", noSideEffect.}
## Binary `*` operator for an integer.
proc `div` *(x, y: int): int {.magic: "DivI", noSideEffect.}
proc `div` *(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "DivI", noSideEffect.}
proc `div` *(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "DivI", noSideEffect.}
proc `div` *(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "DivI", noSideEffect.}
proc `div` *(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "DivI64", noSideEffect.}
## computes the integer division. This is roughly the same as
## ``floor(x/y)``.
proc `mod` *(x, y: int): int {.magic: "ModI", noSideEffect.}
proc `mod` *(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "ModI", noSideEffect.}
proc `mod` *(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "ModI", noSideEffect.}
proc `mod` *(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "ModI", noSideEffect.}
proc `mod` *(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "ModI64", noSideEffect.}
## computes the integer modulo operation. This is the same as
## ``x - (x div y) * y``.
proc `shr` *(x, y: int): int {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shr` *(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shr` *(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shr` *(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shr` *(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "ShrI64", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `shift right` operation of `x` and `y`.
proc `shl` *(x, y: int): int {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shl` *(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shl` *(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shl` *(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shl` *(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "ShlI64", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `shift left` operation of `x` and `y`.
proc `and` *(x, y: int): int {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect.}
proc `and` *(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect.}
proc `and` *(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect.}
proc `and` *(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect.}
proc `and` *(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "BitandI64", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `bitwise and` of numbers `x` and `y`.
proc `or` *(x, y: int): int {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect.}
proc `or` *(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect.}
proc `or` *(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect.}
proc `or` *(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect.}
proc `or` *(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "BitorI64", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `bitwise or` of numbers `x` and `y`.
proc `xor` *(x, y: int): int {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect.}
proc `xor` *(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect.}
proc `xor` *(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect.}
proc `xor` *(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect.}
proc `xor` *(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "BitxorI64", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `bitwise xor` of numbers `x` and `y`.
proc `==` *(x, y: int): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect.}
proc `==` *(x, y: int8): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect.}
proc `==` *(x, y: int16): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect.}
proc `==` *(x, y: int32): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect.}
proc `==` *(x, y: int64): bool {.magic: "EqI64", noSideEffect.}
## Compares two integers for equality.
proc `<=` *(x, y: int): bool {.magic: "LeI", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=` *(x, y: int8): bool {.magic: "LeI", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=` *(x, y: int16): bool {.magic: "LeI", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=` *(x, y: int32): bool {.magic: "LeI", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=` *(x, y: int64): bool {.magic: "LeI64", noSideEffect.}
## Returns true iff `x` is less than or equal to `y`.
proc `<` *(x, y: int): bool {.magic: "LtI", noSideEffect.}
proc `<` *(x, y: int8): bool {.magic: "LtI", noSideEffect.}
proc `<` *(x, y: int16): bool {.magic: "LtI", noSideEffect.}
proc `<` *(x, y: int32): bool {.magic: "LtI", noSideEffect.}
proc `<` *(x, y: int64): bool {.magic: "LtI64", noSideEffect.}
## Returns true iff `x` is less than `y`.
proc abs*(x: int): int {.magic: "AbsI", noSideEffect.}
proc abs*(x: int8): int8 {.magic: "AbsI", noSideEffect.}
proc abs*(x: int16): int16 {.magic: "AbsI", noSideEffect.}
proc abs*(x: int32): int32 {.magic: "AbsI", noSideEffect.}
proc abs*(x: int64): int64 {.magic: "AbsI64", noSideEffect.}
## returns the absolute value of `x`. If `x` is ``low(x)`` (that
## is -MININT for its type), an overflow exception is thrown (if overflow
## checking is turned on).
proc `+%` *(x, y: int): int {.magic: "AddU", noSideEffect.}
proc `+%` *(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "AddU", noSideEffect.}
proc `+%` *(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "AddU", noSideEffect.}
proc `+%` *(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "AddU", noSideEffect.}
proc `+%` *(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "AddU64", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and adds them. The result is truncated to
## fit into the result. This implements modulo arithmetic. No overflow
## errors are possible.
proc `-%` *(x, y: int): int {.magic: "SubU", noSideEffect.}
proc `-%` *(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "SubU", noSideEffect.}
proc `-%` *(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "SubU", noSideEffect.}
proc `-%` *(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "SubU", noSideEffect.}
proc `-%` *(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "SubU64", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and subtracts them. The result is
## truncated to fit into the result. This implements modulo arithmetic.
## No overflow errors are possible.
proc `*%` *(x, y: int): int {.magic: "MulU", noSideEffect.}
proc `*%` *(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "MulU", noSideEffect.}
proc `*%` *(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "MulU", noSideEffect.}
proc `*%` *(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "MulU", noSideEffect.}
proc `*%` *(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "MulU64", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and multiplies them. The result is
## truncated to fit into the result. This implements modulo arithmetic.
## No overflow errors are possible.
proc `/%` *(x, y: int): int {.magic: "DivU", noSideEffect.}
proc `/%` *(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "DivU", noSideEffect.}
proc `/%` *(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "DivU", noSideEffect.}
proc `/%` *(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "DivU", noSideEffect.}
proc `/%` *(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "DivU64", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and divides them. The result is
## truncated to fit into the result. This implements modulo arithmetic.
## No overflow errors are possible.
proc `%%` *(x, y: int): int {.magic: "ModU", noSideEffect.}
proc `%%` *(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "ModU", noSideEffect.}
proc `%%` *(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "ModU", noSideEffect.}
proc `%%` *(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "ModU", noSideEffect.}
proc `%%` *(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "ModU64", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and compute the modulo of `x` and `y`.
## The result is truncated to fit into the result.
## This implements modulo arithmetic.
## No overflow errors are possible.
proc `<=%` *(x, y: int): bool {.magic: "LeU", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=%` *(x, y: int8): bool {.magic: "LeU", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=%` *(x, y: int16): bool {.magic: "LeU", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=%` *(x, y: int32): bool {.magic: "LeU", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=%` *(x, y: int64): bool {.magic: "LeU64", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and compares them.
## Returns true iff ``unsigned(x) <= unsigned(y)``.
proc `<%` *(x, y: int): bool {.magic: "LtU", noSideEffect.}
proc `<%` *(x, y: int8): bool {.magic: "LtU", noSideEffect.}
proc `<%` *(x, y: int16): bool {.magic: "LtU", noSideEffect.}
proc `<%` *(x, y: int32): bool {.magic: "LtU", noSideEffect.}
proc `<%` *(x, y: int64): bool {.magic: "LtU64", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and compares them.
## Returns true iff ``unsigned(x) < unsigned(y)``.
# floating point operations:
proc `+` *(x: float): float {.magic: "UnaryPlusF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `-` *(x: float): float {.magic: "UnaryMinusF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `+` *(x, y: float): float {.magic: "AddF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `-` *(x, y: float): float {.magic: "SubF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `*` *(x, y: float): float {.magic: "MulF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `/` *(x, y: float): float {.magic: "DivF64", noSideEffect.}
## computes the floating point division
proc `==` *(x, y: float): bool {.magic: "EqF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=` *(x, y: float): bool {.magic: "LeF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `<` *(x, y: float): bool {.magic: "LtF64", noSideEffect.}
proc abs*(x: float): float {.magic: "AbsF64", noSideEffect.}
proc min*(x, y: float): float {.magic: "MinF64", noSideEffect.}
proc max*(x, y: float): float {.magic: "MaxF64", noSideEffect.}
# set operators
proc `*` *[T](x, y: set[T]): set[T] {.magic: "MulSet", noSideEffect.}
## This operator computes the intersection of two sets.
proc `+` *[T](x, y: set[T]): set[T] {.magic: "PlusSet", noSideEffect.}
## This operator computes the union of two sets.
proc `-` *[T](x, y: set[T]): set[T] {.magic: "MinusSet", noSideEffect.}
## This operator computes the difference of two sets.
proc `-+-` *[T](x, y: set[T]): set[T] {.magic: "SymDiffSet", noSideEffect.}
## computes the symmetric set difference. This is the same as
## ``(A - B) + (B - A)``, but more efficient.
# comparison operators:
proc `==` *[T](x, y: ordinal[T]): bool {.magic: "EqEnum", noSideEffect.}
proc `==` *(x, y: pointer): bool {.magic: "EqRef", noSideEffect.}
proc `==` *(x, y: string): bool {.magic: "EqStr", noSideEffect.}
proc `==` *(x, y: cstring): bool {.magic: "EqCString", noSideEffect.}
proc `==` *(x, y: char): bool {.magic: "EqCh", noSideEffect.}
proc `==` *(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "EqB", noSideEffect.}
proc `==` *[T](x, y: set[T]): bool {.magic: "EqSet", noSideEffect.}
proc `==` *[T](x, y: ref T): bool {.magic: "EqRef", noSideEffect.}
proc `==` *[T](x, y: ptr T): bool {.magic: "EqRef", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=` *[T](x, y: ordinal[T]): bool {.magic: "LeEnum", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=` *(x, y: string): bool {.magic: "LeStr", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=` *(x, y: char): bool {.magic: "LeCh", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=` *[T](x, y: set[T]): bool {.magic: "LeSet", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=` *(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "LeB", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=` *[T](x, y: ref T): bool {.magic: "LePtr", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=` *(x, y: pointer): bool {.magic: "LePtr", noSideEffect.}
proc `<` *[T](x, y: ordinal[T]): bool {.magic: "LtEnum", noSideEffect.}
proc `<` *(x, y: string): bool {.magic: "LtStr", noSideEffect.}
proc `<` *(x, y: char): bool {.magic: "LtCh", noSideEffect.}
proc `<` *[T](x, y: set[T]): bool {.magic: "LtSet", noSideEffect.}
proc `<` *(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "LtB", noSideEffect.}
proc `<` *[T](x, y: ref T): bool {.magic: "LtPtr", noSideEffect.}
proc `<` *[T](x, y: ptr T): bool {.magic: "LtPtr", noSideEffect.}
proc `<` *(x, y: pointer): bool {.magic: "LtPtr", noSideEffect.}
template `!=` * (x, y: expr): expr =
## unequals operator. This is a shorthand for ``not (x == y)``.
not (x == y)
template `>=` * (x, y: expr): expr =
## "is greater or equals" operator. This is the same as ``y <= x``.
y <= x
template `>` * (x, y: expr): expr =
## "is greater" operator. This is the same as ``y < x``.
y < x
proc contains*[T](x: set[T], y: T): bool {.magic: "InSet", noSideEffect.}
## One should overload this proc if one wants to overload the ``in`` operator.
## The parameters are in reverse order! ``a in b`` is a template for
## ``contains(b, a)``.
## This is because the unification algorithm that Nimrod uses for overload
## resolution works from left to right.
## But for the ``in`` operator that would be the wrong direction for this
## piece of code:
##
## .. code-block:: Nimrod
## var s: set[range['a'..'z']] = {'a'..'c'}
## writeln(stdout, 'b' in s)
##
## If ``in`` had been declared as ``[T](elem: T, s: set[T])`` then ``T`` would
## have been bound to ``char``. But ``s`` is not compatible to type
## ``set[char]``! The solution is to bind ``T`` to ``range['a'..'z']``. This
## is achieved by reversing the parameters for ``contains``; ``in`` then
## passes its arguments in reverse order.
template `in` * (x, y: expr): expr = contains(y, x)
template `not_in` * (x, y: expr): expr = not contains(y, x)
proc `is` *[T, S](x: T, y: S): bool {.magic: "Is", noSideEffect.}
template `is_not` *(x, y: expr): expr = not (x is y)
proc cmp*[T, S: typeDesc](x: T, y: S): int =
## Generic compare proc. Returns a value < 0 iff x < y, a value > 0 iff x > y
## and 0 iff x == y. This is useful for writing generic algorithms without
## performance loss. This generic implementation uses the `==` and `<`
## operators.
if x == y: return 0
if x < y: return -1
return 1
proc cmp*(x, y: string): int {.noSideEffect.}
## Compare proc for strings. More efficient than the generic version.
proc `@` * [IDX, T](a: array[IDX, T]): seq[T] {.
magic: "ArrToSeq", nosideeffect.}
## turns an array into a sequence. This most often useful for constructing
## sequences with the array constructor: ``@[1, 2, 3]`` has the type
## ``seq[int]``, while ``[1, 2, 3]`` has the type ``array[0..2, int]``.
proc setLen*[T](s: var seq[T], newlen: int) {.
magic: "SetLengthSeq", noSideEffect.}
## sets the length of `s` to `newlen`.
## ``T`` may be any sequence type.
## If the current length is greater than the new length,
## ``s`` will be truncated.
proc setLen*(s: var string, newlen: int) {.
magic: "SetLengthStr", noSideEffect.}
## sets the length of `s` to `newlen`.
## If the current length is greater than the new length,
## ``s`` will be truncated.
proc newString*(len: int): string {.
magic: "NewString", importc: "mnewString", noSideEffect.}
## returns a new string of length ``len`` but with uninitialized
## content. One needs to fill the string character after character
## with the index operator ``s[i]``. This procedure exists only for
## optimization purposes; the same effect can be achieved with the
## ``&`` operator.
# concat operator:
proc `&` * (x: string, y: char): string {.
magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect, merge.}
proc `&` * (x: char, y: char): string {.
magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect, merge.}
proc `&` * (x, y: string): string {.
magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect, merge.}
proc `&` * (x: char, y: string): string {.
magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect, merge.}
## is the `concatenation operator`. It concatenates `x` and `y`.
proc add*(x: var string, y: char) {.magic: "AppendStrCh", noSideEffect.}
proc add*(x: var string, y: string) {.magic: "AppendStrStr", noSideEffect.}
when not defined(ECMAScript):
{.push overflow_checks:off}
proc add* (x: var string, y: cstring) =
var i = 0
while y[i] != '\0':
add(x, y[i])
inc(i)
{.pop.}
else:
proc add* (x: var string, y: cstring) {.pure.} =
asm """
var len = `x`[0].length-1;
for (var i = 0; i < `y`.length; ++i) {
`x`[0][len] = `y`.charCodeAt(i);
++len;
}
`x`[0][len] = 0
"""
proc add *[T](x: var seq[T], y: T) {.magic: "AppendSeqElem", noSideEffect.}
proc add *[T](x: var seq[T], y: openArray[T]) {.noSideEffect.} =
## Generic proc for adding a data item `y` to a container `x`.
## For containers that have an order, `add` means *append*. New generic
## containers should also call their adding proc `add` for consistency.
## Generic code becomes much easier to write if the Nimrod naming scheme is
## respected.
var xl = x.len
setLen(x, xl + y.len)
for i in 0..high(y): x[xl+i] = y[i]
proc del* [T](x: var seq[T], i: int) {.noSideEffect.} =
## deletes the item at index `i` by putting ``x[high(x)]`` into position `i`.
## This is an O(1) operation.
var xl = x.len
x[i] = x[xl-1]
setLen(x, xl-1)
proc delete*[T](x: var seq[T], i: int) {.noSideEffect.} =
## deletes the item at index `i` by moving ``x[i+1..]`` by one position.
## This is an O(n) operation.
var xl = x.len
for j in i..xl-2: x[j] = x[j+1]
setLen(x, xl-1)
proc insert*[T](x: var seq[T], item: T, i = 0) {.noSideEffect.} =
## inserts `item` into `x` at position `i`.
var xl = x.len
setLen(x, xl+1)
var j = xl-1
while j >= i:
x[j+1] = x[j]
dec(j)
x[i] = item
proc repr*[T](x: T): string {.magic: "Repr", noSideEffect.}
## takes any Nimrod variable and returns its string representation. It
## works even for complex data graphs with cycles. This is a great
## debugging tool.
type
TAddress* = int
## is the signed integer type that should be used for converting
## pointers to integer addresses for readability.
type
BiggestInt* = int64
## is an alias for the biggest signed integer type the Nimrod compiler
## supports. Currently this is ``int64``, but it is platform-dependant
## in general.
BiggestFloat* = float64
## is an alias for the biggest floating point type the Nimrod
## compiler supports. Currently this is ``float64``, but it is
## platform-dependant in general.
type # these work for most platforms:
cchar* {.importc: "char", nodecl.} = char
## This is the same as the type ``char`` in *C*.
cschar* {.importc: "signed char", nodecl.} = byte
## This is the same as the type ``signed char`` in *C*.
cshort* {.importc: "short", nodecl.} = int16
## This is the same as the type ``short`` in *C*.
cint* {.importc: "int", nodecl.} = int32
## This is the same as the type ``int`` in *C*.
clong* {.importc: "long", nodecl.} = int
## This is the same as the type ``long`` in *C*.
clonglong* {.importc: "long long", nodecl.} = int64
## This is the same as the type ``long long`` in *C*.
cfloat* {.importc: "float", nodecl.} = float32
## This is the same as the type ``float`` in *C*.
cdouble* {.importc: "double", nodecl.} = float64
## This is the same as the type ``double`` in *C*.
clongdouble* {.importc: "long double", nodecl.} = BiggestFloat
## This is the same as the type ``long double`` in *C*.
## This C type is not supported by Nimrod's code generator
cstringArray* {.importc: "char**", nodecl.} = ptr array [0..50_000, cstring]
## This is binary compatible to the type ``char**`` in *C*. The array's
## high value is large enough to disable bounds checking in practice.
## Use cstringArrayToSeq to convert it into a ``seq[string]``.
TEndian* = enum ## is a type describing the endianness of a processor.
littleEndian, bigEndian
PFloat32* = ptr Float32 ## an alias for ``ptr float32``
PFloat64* = ptr Float64 ## an alias for ``ptr float64``
PInt64* = ptr Int64 ## an alias for ``ptr int64``
PInt32* = ptr Int32 ## an alias for ``ptr int32``
const
isMainModule* {.magic: "IsMainModule".}: bool = false
## is true only when accessed in the main module. This works thanks to
## compiler magic. It is useful to embed testing code in a module.
CompileDate* {.magic: "CompileDate"}: string = "0000-00-00"
## is the date of compilation as a string of the form
## ``YYYY-MM-DD``. This works thanks to compiler magic.
CompileTime* {.magic: "CompileTime"}: string = "00:00:00"
## is the time of compilation as a string of the form
## ``HH:MM:SS``. This works thanks to compiler magic.
NimrodVersion* {.magic: "NimrodVersion"}: string = "0.0.0"
## is the version of Nimrod as a string.
## This works thanks to compiler magic.
NimrodMajor* {.magic: "NimrodMajor"}: int = 0
## is the major number of Nimrod's version.
## This works thanks to compiler magic.
NimrodMinor* {.magic: "NimrodMinor"}: int = 0
## is the minor number of Nimrod's version.
## This works thanks to compiler magic.
NimrodPatch* {.magic: "NimrodPatch"}: int = 0
## is the patch number of Nimrod's version.
## This works thanks to compiler magic.
cpuEndian* {.magic: "CpuEndian"}: TEndian = littleEndian
## is the endianness of the target CPU. This is a valuable piece of
## information for low-level code only. This works thanks to compiler magic.
hostOS* {.magic: "HostOS"}: string = ""
## a string that describes the host operating system. Possible values:
## "windows", "macosx", "linux", "netbsd", "freebsd", "openbsd", "solaris",
## "aix"
hostCPU* {.magic: "HostCPU"}: string = ""
## a string that describes the host CPU. Possible values:
## "i386", "alpha", "powerpc", "sparc", "amd64", "mips", "arm"
proc toFloat*(i: int): float {.
magic: "ToFloat", noSideEffect, importc: "toFloat".}
## converts an integer `i` into a ``float``. If the conversion
## fails, `EInvalidValue` is raised. However, on most platforms the
## conversion cannot fail.
proc toBiggestFloat*(i: biggestint): biggestfloat {.
magic: "ToBiggestFloat", noSideEffect, importc: "toBiggestFloat".}
## converts an biggestint `i` into a ``biggestfloat``. If the conversion
## fails, `EInvalidValue` is raised. However, on most platforms the
## conversion cannot fail.
proc toInt*(f: float): int {.
magic: "ToInt", noSideEffect, importc: "toInt".}
## converts a floating point number `f` into an ``int``. Conversion
## rounds `f` if it does not contain an integer value. If the conversion
## fails (because `f` is infinite for example), `EInvalidValue` is raised.
proc toBiggestInt*(f: biggestfloat): biggestint {.
magic: "ToBiggestInt", noSideEffect, importc: "toBiggestInt".}
## converts a biggestfloat `f` into a ``biggestint``. Conversion
## rounds `f` if it does not contain an integer value. If the conversion
## fails (because `f` is infinite for example), `EInvalidValue` is raised.
proc `/`*(x, y: int): float {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
## integer division that results in a float.
result = toFloat(x) / toFloat(y)
proc addQuitProc*(QuitProc: proc {.noconv.}) {.importc: "atexit", nodecl.}
## adds/registers a quit procedure. Each call to ``addQuitProc``
## registers another quit procedure. Up to 30 procedures can be
## registered. They are executed on a last-in, first-out basis
## (that is, the last function registered is the first to be executed).
## ``addQuitProc`` raises an EOutOfIndex if ``quitProc`` cannot be
## registered.
# Support for addQuitProc() is done by Ansi C's facilities here.
# In case of an unhandled exeption the exit handlers should
# not be called explicitly! The user may decide to do this manually though.
proc copy*(s: string, first = 0): string {.
magic: "CopyStr", importc: "copyStr", noSideEffect.}
proc copy*(s: string, first, last: int): string {.
magic: "CopyStrLast", importc: "copyStrLast", noSideEffect.}
## copies a slice of `s` into a new string and returns this new
## string. The bounds `first` and `last` denote the indices of
## the first and last characters that shall be copied. If ``last``
## is omitted, it is treated as ``high(s)``.
proc zeroMem*(p: Pointer, size: int) {.importc, noDecl.}
## overwrites the contents of the memory at ``p`` with the value 0.
## Exactly ``size`` bytes will be overwritten. Like any procedure
## dealing with raw memory this is *unsafe*.
proc copyMem*(dest, source: Pointer, size: int) {.importc: "memcpy", noDecl.}
## copies the contents from the memory at ``source`` to the memory
## at ``dest``. Exactly ``size`` bytes will be copied. The memory
## regions may not overlap. Like any procedure dealing with raw
## memory this is *unsafe*.
proc moveMem*(dest, source: Pointer, size: int) {.importc: "memmove", noDecl.}
## copies the contents from the memory at ``source`` to the memory
## at ``dest``. Exactly ``size`` bytes will be copied. The memory
## regions may overlap, ``moveMem`` handles this case appropriately
## and is thus somewhat more safe than ``copyMem``. Like any procedure
## dealing with raw memory this is still *unsafe*, though.
proc equalMem*(a, b: Pointer, size: int): bool {.
importc: "equalMem", noDecl, noSideEffect.}
## compares the memory blocks ``a`` and ``b``. ``size`` bytes will
## be compared. If the blocks are equal, true is returned, false
## otherwise. Like any procedure dealing with raw memory this is
## *unsafe*.
proc alloc*(size: int): pointer {.noconv.}
## allocates a new memory block with at least ``size`` bytes. The
## block has to be freed with ``realloc(block, 0)`` or
## ``dealloc(block)``. The block is not initialized, so reading
## from it before writing to it is undefined behaviour!
proc alloc0*(size: int): pointer {.noconv.}
## allocates a new memory block with at least ``size`` bytes. The
## block has to be freed with ``realloc(block, 0)`` or
## ``dealloc(block)``. The block is initialized with all bytes
## containing zero, so it is somewhat safer than ``alloc``.
proc realloc*(p: Pointer, newsize: int): pointer {.noconv.}
## grows or shrinks a given memory block. If p is **nil** then a new
## memory block is returned. In either way the block has at least
## ``newsize`` bytes. If ``newsize == 0`` and p is not **nil**
## ``realloc`` calls ``dealloc(p)``. In other cases the block has to
## be freed with ``dealloc``.
proc dealloc*(p: Pointer) {.noconv.}
## frees the memory allocated with ``alloc``, ``alloc0`` or
## ``realloc``. This procedure is dangerous! If one forgets to
## free the memory a leak occurs; if one tries to access freed
## memory (or just freeing it twice!) a core dump may happen
## or other memory may be corrupted.
proc assert*(cond: bool) {.magic: "Assert", noSideEffect.}
## provides a means to implement `programming by contracts`:idx: in Nimrod.
## ``assert`` evaluates expression ``cond`` and if ``cond`` is false, it
## raises an ``EAssertionFailure`` exception. However, the compiler may
## not generate any code at all for ``assert`` if it is advised to do so.
## Use ``assert`` for debugging purposes only.
proc swap*[T](a, b: var T) {.magic: "Swap", noSideEffect.}
## swaps the values `a` and `b`. This is often more efficient than
## ``tmp = a; a = b; b = tmp``. Particularly useful for sorting algorithms.
template `>=%` *(x, y: expr): expr = y <=% x
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and compares them.
## Returns true iff ``unsigned(x) >= unsigned(y)``.
template `>%` *(x, y: expr): expr = y <% x
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and compares them.
## Returns true iff ``unsigned(x) > unsigned(y)``.
proc `$` *(x: int): string {.magic: "IntToStr", noSideEffect.}
## The stingify operator for an integer argument. Returns `x`
## converted to a decimal string.
proc `$` *(x: int64): string {.magic: "Int64ToStr", noSideEffect.}
## The stingify operator for an integer argument. Returns `x`
## converted to a decimal string.
proc `$` *(x: float): string {.magic: "FloatToStr", noSideEffect.}
## The stingify operator for a float argument. Returns `x`
## converted to a decimal string.
proc `$` *(x: bool): string {.magic: "BoolToStr", noSideEffect.}
## The stingify operator for a boolean argument. Returns `x`
## converted to the string "false" or "true".
proc `$` *(x: char): string {.magic: "CharToStr", noSideEffect.}
## The stingify operator for a character argument. Returns `x`
## converted to a string.
proc `$` *(x: Cstring): string {.magic: "CStrToStr", noSideEffect.}
## The stingify operator for a CString argument. Returns `x`
## converted to a string.
proc `$` *(x: string): string {.magic: "StrToStr", noSideEffect.}
## The stingify operator for a string argument. Returns `x`
## as it is. This operator is useful for generic code, so
## that ``$expr`` also works if ``expr`` is already a string.
proc `$` *[T](x: ordinal[T]): string {.magic: "EnumToStr", noSideEffect.}
## The stingify operator for an enumeration argument. This works for
## any enumeration type thanks to compiler magic. If a
## a ``$`` operator for a concrete enumeration is provided, this is
## used instead. (In other words: *Overwriting* is possible.)
# undocumented:
proc getRefcount*[T](x: ref T): int {.importc: "getRefcount", noSideEffect.}
## retrieves the reference count of an heap-allocated object. The
## value is implementation-dependant.
#proc writeStackTrace() {.export: "writeStackTrace".}
when not defined(NimrodVM):
proc getCurrentExceptionMsg*(): string {.exportc.}
## retrieves the error message that was attached to the current
## exception; if there is none, "" is returned.
proc getCurrentException*(): ref E_Base
## retrieves the current exception; if there is none, nil is returned.
# new constants:
const
inf* {.magic: "Inf".} = 1.0 / 0.0
## contains the IEEE floating point value of positive infinity.
neginf* {.magic: "NegInf".} = -inf
## contains the IEEE floating point value of negative infinity.
nan* {.magic: "NaN".} = 0.0 / 0.0
## contains an IEEE floating point value of *Not A Number*. Note
## that you cannot compare a floating point value to this value
## and expect a reasonable result - use the `classify` procedure
## in the module ``math`` for checking for NaN.
var
dbgLineHook*: proc = nil
## set this variable to provide a procedure that should be called before
## each executed instruction. This should only be used by debuggers!
## Only code compiled with the ``debugger:on`` switch calls this hook.
# GC interface:
proc getOccupiedMem*(): int
## returns the number of bytes that are owned by the process and hold data.
proc getFreeMem*(): int
## returns the number of bytes that are owned by the process, but do not
## hold any meaningful data.
proc getTotalMem*(): int
## returns the number of bytes that are owned by the process.
iterator countdown*[T](a, b: T, step = 1): T {.inline.} =
## Counts from ordinal value `a` down to `b` with the given
## step count. `T` may be any ordinal type, `step` may only
## be positive.
var res = a
while res >= b:
yield res
dec(res, step)
iterator countup*[T](a, b: T, step = 1): T {.inline.} =
## Counts from ordinal value `a` up to `b` with the given
## step count. `T` may be any ordinal type, `step` may only
## be positive.
var res = a
while res <= b:
yield res
inc(res, step)
# we cannot use ``for x in a..b: `` here, because that is not
# known in the System module
proc min*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "MinI", noSideEffect.}
proc min*(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "MinI", noSideEffect.}
proc min*(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "MinI", noSideEffect.}
proc min*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "MinI", noSideEffect.}
proc min*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "MinI64", noSideEffect.}
## The minimum value of two integers.
proc min*[T](x: openarray[T]): T =
## The minimum value of an openarray.
result = x[0]
for i in 1..high(x): result = min(result, x[i])
proc max*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect.}
proc max*(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect.}
proc max*(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect.}
proc max*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect.}
proc max*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "MaxI64", noSideEffect.}
## The maximum value of two integers.
proc max*[T](x: openarray[T]): T =
## The maximum value of an openarray.
result = x[0]
for i in 1..high(x): result = max(result, x[i])
iterator items*[T](a: openarray[T]): T {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`.
var i = 0
while i < len(a):
yield a[i]
inc(i)
iterator items*[IX, T](a: array[IX, T]): T {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`.
var i = low(IX)
if i <= high(IX):
while true:
yield a[i]
if i >= high(IX): break
inc(i)
iterator items*[T](a: seq[T]): T {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`.
var i = 0
while i < len(a):
yield a[i]
inc(i)
iterator items*(a: string): char {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`.
var i = 0
while i < len(a):
yield a[i]
inc(i)
iterator items*[T](a: set[T]): T {.inline.} =
## iterates over each element of `a`. `items` iterates only over the
## elements that are really in the set (and not over the ones the set is
## able to hold).
var i = low(T)
if i <= high(T):
while true:
if i in a: yield i
if i >= high(T): break
inc(i)
iterator items*(a: cstring): char {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`.
var i = 0
while a[i] != '\0':
yield a[i]
inc(i)
proc isNil*[T](x: seq[T]): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
proc isNil*[T](x: ref T): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
proc isNil*(x: string): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
proc isNil*[T](x: ptr T): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
proc isNil*(x: pointer): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
proc isNil*(x: cstring): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
## Fast check whether `x` is nil. This is sometimes more efficient than
## ``== nil``.
# Fixup some magic symbols here:
#{.fixup_system.}
# This is an undocumented pragma that can only be used
# once in the system module.
proc `&` *[T](x, y: openArray[T]): seq[T] {.noSideEffect.} =
newSeq(result, x.len + y.len)
for i in 0..x.len-1:
result[i] = x[i]
for i in 0..y.len-1:
result[i+x.len] = y[i]
proc `&` *[T](x: openArray[T], y: T): seq[T] {.noSideEffect.} =
newSeq(result, x.len + 1)
for i in 0..x.len-1:
result[i] = x[i]
result[x.len] = y
proc `&` *[T](x: T, y: openArray[T]): seq[T] {.noSideEffect.} =
newSeq(result, y.len + 1)
for i in 0..y.len-1:
result[i] = y[i]
result[y.len] = x
when not defined(NimrodVM):
when not defined(ECMAScript):
proc seqToPtr[T](x: seq[T]): pointer {.inline, nosideeffect.} =
result = cast[pointer](x)
else:
proc seqToPtr[T](x: seq[T]): pointer {.pure, nosideeffect.} =
asm """return `x`"""
proc `==` *[T: typeDesc](x, y: seq[T]): bool {.noSideEffect.} =
## Generic equals operator for sequences: relies on a equals operator for
## the element type `T`.
if seqToPtr(x) == seqToPtr(y):
result = true
elif seqToPtr(x) == nil or seqToPtr(y) == nil:
result = false
elif x.len == y.len:
for i in 0..x.len-1:
if x[i] != y[i]: return false
result = true
proc find*[T, S: typeDesc](a: T, item: S): int {.inline.}=
## Returns the first index of `item` in `a` or -1 if not found. This requires
## appropriate `items` and `==` procs to work.
for i in items(a):
if i == item: return
inc(result)
result = -1
proc contains*[T](a: openArray[T], item: T): bool {.inline.}=
## Returns true if `item` is in `a` or false if not found. This is a shortcut
## for ``find(a, item) >= 0``.
return find(a, item) >= 0
proc pop*[T](s: var seq[T]): T {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
## returns the last item of `s` and decreases ``s.len`` by one. This treats
## `s` as a stack and implements the common *pop* operation.
var L = s.len-1
result = s[L]
setLen(s, L)
proc each*[T, S](data: openArray[T], op: proc (x: T): S): seq[S] {.
noSideEffect.} =
## The well-known ``map`` operation from functional programming. Applies
## `op` to every item in `data` and returns the result as a sequence.
newSeq(result, data.len)
for i in 0..data.len-1: result[i] = op(data[i])
proc each*[T](data: var openArray[T], op: proc (x: var T)) =
## The well-known ``map`` operation from functional programming. Applies
## `op` to every item in `data`.
for i in 0..data.len-1: op(data[i])
# ----------------- FPU ------------------------------------------------------
#proc disableFPUExceptions*()
# disables all floating point unit exceptions
#proc enableFPUExceptions*()
# enables all floating point unit exceptions
# ----------------- GC interface ---------------------------------------------
proc GC_disable*()
## disables the GC. If called n-times, n calls to `GC_enable` are needed to
## reactivate the GC. Note that in most circumstances one should only disable
## the mark and sweep phase with `GC_disableMarkAndSweep`.
proc GC_enable*()
## enables the GC again.
proc GC_fullCollect*()
## forces a full garbage collection pass.
## Ordinary code does not need to call this (and should not).
type
TGC_Strategy* = enum ## the strategy the GC should use for the application
gcThroughput, ## optimize for throughput
gcResponsiveness, ## optimize for responsiveness (default)
gcOptimizeTime, ## optimize for speed
gcOptimizeSpace ## optimize for memory footprint
proc GC_setStrategy*(strategy: TGC_Strategy)
## tells the GC the desired strategy for the application.
proc GC_enableMarkAndSweep*()
proc GC_disableMarkAndSweep*()
## the current implementation uses a reference counting garbage collector
## with a seldomly run mark and sweep phase to free cycles. The mark and
## sweep phase may take a long time and is not needed if the application
## does not create cycles. Thus the mark and sweep phase can be deactivated
## and activated separately from the rest of the GC.
proc GC_getStatistics*(): string
## returns an informative string about the GC's activity. This may be useful
## for tweaking.
proc GC_ref*[T](x: ref T) {.magic: "GCref".}
proc GC_ref*[T](x: seq[T]) {.magic: "GCref".}
proc GC_ref*(x: string) {.magic: "GCref".}
## marks the object `x` as referenced, so that it will not be freed until
## it is unmarked via `GC_unref`. If called n-times for the same object `x`,
## n calls to `GC_unref` are needed to unmark `x`.
proc GC_unref*[T](x: ref T) {.magic: "GCunref".}
proc GC_unref*[T](x: seq[T]) {.magic: "GCunref".}
proc GC_unref*(x: string) {.magic: "GCunref".}
## see the documentation of `GC_ref`.
template accumulateResult*(iter: expr) =
## helps to convert an iterator to a proc.
result = @[]
for x in iter: add(result, x)
{.push checks: off, line_dir: off, debugger: off.}
# obviously we cannot generate checking operations here :-)
# because it would yield into an endless recursion
# however, stack-traces are available for most parts
# of the code
proc echo*[Ty](x: openarray[Ty]) {.magic: "Echo".}
## equivalent to ``writeln(stdout, x); flush(stdout)``. BUT: This is
## available for the ECMAScript target too!
template newException*(exceptn, message: expr): expr =
## creates an exception object of type "exceptn" and sets its ``msg`` field
## to `message`. Returns the new exception object.
block: # open a new scope
var
e: ref exceptn
new(e)
e.msg = message
e
const
QuitSuccess* = 0
## is the value that should be passed to ``quit`` to indicate
## success.
QuitFailure* = 1
## is the value that should be passed to ``quit`` to indicate
## failure.
proc quit*(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) {.
magic: "Exit", importc: "exit", noDecl, noReturn.}
## stops the program immediately; before stopping the program the
## "quit procedures" are called in the opposite order they were added
## with ``addQuitProc``. ``quit`` never returns and ignores any
## exception that may have been raised by the quit procedures.
## It does *not* call the garbage collector to free all the memory,
## unless a quit procedure calls ``GC_collect``.
when not defined(EcmaScript) and not defined(NimrodVM):
proc quit*(errormsg: string) {.noReturn.}
## a shorthand for ``echo(errormsg); quit(quitFailure)``.
when not defined(EcmaScript) and not defined(NimrodVM):
proc initGC()
var
strDesc: TNimType
strDesc.size = sizeof(string)
strDesc.kind = tyString
strDesc.flags = {ntfAcyclic}
initGC() # BUGFIX: need to be called here!
{.push stack_trace: off.}
include "system/ansi_c"
proc cmp(x, y: string): int =
return int(c_strcmp(x, y))
const pccHack = if defined(pcc): "_" else: "" # Hack for PCC
when defined(windows):
# work-around C's sucking abstraction:
# BUGFIX: stdin and stdout should be binary files!
proc setmode(handle, mode: int) {.importc: pccHack & "setmode",
header: "<io.h>".}
proc fileno(f: C_TextFileStar): int {.importc: pccHack & "fileno",
header: "<fcntl.h>".}
var
O_BINARY {.importc: pccHack & "O_BINARY", nodecl.}: int
# we use binary mode in Windows:
setmode(fileno(c_stdin), O_BINARY)
setmode(fileno(c_stdout), O_BINARY)
when defined(endb):
proc endbStep()
# ----------------- IO Part --------------------------------------------------
type
CFile {.importc: "FILE", nodecl, final.} = object # empty record for
# data hiding
TFile* = ptr CFile ## The type representing a file handle.
TFileMode* = enum ## The file mode when opening a file.
fmRead, ## Open the file for read access only.
fmWrite, ## Open the file for write access only.
fmReadWrite, ## Open the file for read and write access.
## If the file does not exist, it will be
## created.
fmReadWriteExisting, ## Open the file for read and write access.
## If the file does not exist, it will not be
## created.
fmAppend ## Open the file for writing only; append data
## at the end.
TFileHandle* = cint ## type that represents an OS file handle; this is
## useful for low-level file access
# text file handling:
var
stdin* {.importc: "stdin", noDecl.}: TFile ## The standard input stream.
stdout* {.importc: "stdout", noDecl.}: TFile ## The standard output stream.
stderr* {.importc: "stderr", noDecl.}: TFile
## The standard error stream.
##
## Note: In my opinion, this should not be used -- the concept of a
## separate error stream is a design flaw of UNIX. A seperate *message
## stream* is a good idea, but since it is named ``stderr`` there are few
## programs out there that distinguish properly between ``stdout`` and
## ``stderr``. So, that's what you get if you don't name your variables
## appropriately. It also annoys people if redirection via ``>output.txt``
## does not work because the program writes to ``stderr``.
proc OpenFile*(f: var TFile, filename: string,
mode: TFileMode = fmRead,
bufSize: int = -1): Bool {.deprecated.}
## **Deprecated since version 0.8.0**: Use `open` instead.
proc OpenFile*(f: var TFile, filehandle: TFileHandle,
mode: TFileMode = fmRead): Bool {.deprecated.}
## **Deprecated since version 0.8.0**: Use `open` instead.
proc Open*(f: var TFile, filename: string,
mode: TFileMode = fmRead, bufSize: int = -1): Bool
## Opens a file named `filename` with given `mode`.
##
## Default mode is readonly. Returns true iff the file could be opened.
## This throws no exception if the file could not be opened. The reason is
## that the programmer needs to provide an appropriate error message anyway
## (yes, even in scripts).
proc Open*(f: var TFile, filehandle: TFileHandle,
mode: TFileMode = fmRead): Bool
## Creates a ``TFile`` from a `filehandle` with given `mode`.
##
## Default mode is readonly. Returns true iff the file could be opened.
proc reopen*(f: TFile, filename: string, mode: TFileMode = fmRead): bool
## reopens the file `f` with given `filename` and `mode`. This
## is often used to redirect the `stdin`, `stdout` or `stderr`
## file variables.
##
## Default mode is readonly. Returns true iff the file could be reopened.
proc CloseFile*(f: TFile) {.importc: "fclose", nodecl, deprecated.}
## Closes the file.
## **Deprecated since version 0.8.0**: Use `close` instead.
proc Close*(f: TFile) {.importc: "fclose", nodecl.}
## Closes the file.
proc EndOfFile*(f: TFile): Bool
## Returns true iff `f` is at the end.
proc readChar*(f: TFile): char {.importc: "fgetc", nodecl.}
## Reads a single character from the stream `f`. If the stream
## has no more characters, `EEndOfFile` is raised.
proc FlushFile*(f: TFile) {.importc: "fflush", noDecl.}
## Flushes `f`'s buffer.
proc readFile*(filename: string): string
## Opens a file name `filename` for reading. Then reads the
## file's content completely into a string and
## closes the file afterwards. Returns the string. Returns nil if there was
## an error. Does not throw an IO exception.
proc write*(f: TFile, r: float)
proc write*(f: TFile, i: int)
proc write*(f: TFile, s: string)
proc write*(f: TFile, b: Bool)
proc write*(f: TFile, c: char)
proc write*(f: TFile, c: cstring)
proc write*(f: TFile, a: openArray[string])
## Writes a value to the file `f`. May throw an IO exception.
proc readLine*(f: TFile): string
## reads a line of text from the file `f`. May throw an IO exception.
## Reading from an empty file buffer, does not throw an exception, but
## returns nil. A line of text may be delimited by ``CR``, ``LF`` or
## ``CRLF``. The newline character(s) are not part of the returned string.
proc writeln*[Ty](f: TFile, x: Ty) {.inline.}
## writes a value `x` to `f` and then writes "\n".
## May throw an IO exception.
proc writeln*[Ty](f: TFile, x: openArray[Ty]) {.inline.}
## writes a value `x` to `f` and then writes "\n".
## May throw an IO exception.
proc getFileSize*(f: TFile): int64
## retrieves the file size (in bytes) of `f`.
proc ReadBytes*(f: TFile, a: var openarray[byte], start, len: int): int
## reads `len` bytes into the buffer `a` starting at ``a[start]``. Returns
## the actual number of bytes that have been read which may be less than
## `len` (if not as many bytes are remaining), but not greater.
proc ReadChars*(f: TFile, a: var openarray[char], start, len: int): int
## reads `len` bytes into the buffer `a` starting at ``a[start]``. Returns
## the actual number of bytes that have been read which may be less than
## `len` (if not as many bytes are remaining), but not greater.
proc readBuffer*(f: TFile, buffer: pointer, len: int): int
## reads `len` bytes into the buffer pointed to by `buffer`. Returns
## the actual number of bytes that have been read which may be less than
## `len` (if not as many bytes are remaining), but not greater.
proc writeBytes*(f: TFile, a: openarray[byte], start, len: int): int
## writes the bytes of ``a[start..start+len-1]`` to the file `f`. Returns
## the number of actual written bytes, which may be less than `len` in case
## of an error.
proc writeChars*(f: tFile, a: openarray[char], start, len: int): int
## writes the bytes of ``a[start..start+len-1]`` to the file `f`. Returns
## the number of actual written bytes, which may be less than `len` in case
## of an error.
proc writeBuffer*(f: TFile, buffer: pointer, len: int): int
## writes the bytes of buffer pointed to by the parameter `buffer` to the
## file `f`. Returns the number of actual written bytes, which may be less
## than `len` in case of an error.
proc setFilePos*(f: TFile, pos: int64)
## sets the position of the file pointer that is used for read/write
## operations. The file's first byte has the index zero.
proc getFilePos*(f: TFile): int64
## retrieves the current position of the file pointer that is used to
## read from the file `f`. The file's first byte has the index zero.
include "system/sysio"
iterator lines*(filename: string): string =
## Iterate over any line in the file named `filename`.
## If the file does not exist `EIO` is raised.
var
f: TFile
if not open(f, filename):
raise newException(EIO, "cannot open: " & filename)
var res = ""
while not endOfFile(f):
rawReadLine(f, res)
yield res
Close(f)
iterator lines*(f: TFile): string =
## Iterate over any line in the file `f`.
var res = ""
while not endOfFile(f):
rawReadLine(f, res)
yield res
proc fileHandle*(f: TFile): TFileHandle {.importc: "fileno",
header: "<stdio.h>"}
## returns the OS file handle of the file ``f``. This is only useful for
## platform specific programming.
proc quit(errormsg: string) =
echo(errormsg)
quit(quitFailure)
proc cstringArrayToSeq*(a: cstringArray, len: int): seq[string] =
## converts a ``cstringArray`` to a ``seq[string]``. `a` is supposed to be
## of length ``len``.
newSeq(result, len)
for i in 0..len-1: result[i] = $a[i]
proc cstringArrayToSeq*(a: cstringArray): seq[string] =
## converts a ``cstringArray`` to a ``seq[string]``. `a` is supposed to be
## terminated by ``nil``.
var L = 0
while a[L] != nil: inc(L)
result = cstringArrayToSeq(a, L)
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
include "system/excpt"
# we cannot compile this with stack tracing on
# as it would recurse endlessly!
include "system/arithm"
{.pop.} # stack trace
include "system/dyncalls"
include "system/sets"
const
GenericSeqSize = (2 * sizeof(int))
proc reprAny(p: pointer, typ: PNimType): string {.compilerproc.}
proc getDiscriminant(aa: Pointer, n: ptr TNimNode): int =
assert(n.kind == nkCase)
var d: int
var a = cast[TAddress](aa)
case n.typ.size
of 1: d = ze(cast[ptr int8](a +% n.offset)^)
of 2: d = ze(cast[ptr int16](a +% n.offset)^)
of 4: d = int(cast[ptr int32](a +% n.offset)^)
else: assert(false)
return d
proc selectBranch(aa: Pointer, n: ptr TNimNode): ptr TNimNode =
var discr = getDiscriminant(aa, n)
if discr <% n.len:
result = n.sons[discr]
if result == nil: result = n.sons[n.len]
# n.sons[n.len] contains the ``else`` part (but may be nil)
else:
result = n.sons[n.len]
include "system/systhread"
include "system/mm"
include "system/sysstr"
include "system/assign"
include "system/repr"
# we have to implement it here after gentostr for the cstrToNimStrDummy proc
proc getCurrentExceptionMsg(): string =
if excHandler == nil: return ""
return $excHandler.exc.msg
proc getCurrentException(): ref E_Base =
if excHandler != nil:
result = excHandler.exc
{.push stack_trace: off.}
when defined(endb):
include "system/debugger"
when defined(profiler):
include "system/profiler"
{.pop.} # stacktrace
elif defined(ecmaScript):
include "system/ecmasys"
elif defined(NimrodVM):
# Stubs for the GC interface:
proc GC_disable() = nil
proc GC_enable() = nil
proc GC_fullCollect() = nil
proc GC_setStrategy(strategy: TGC_Strategy) = nil
proc GC_enableMarkAndSweep() = nil
proc GC_disableMarkAndSweep() = nil
proc GC_getStatistics(): string = return ""
proc getOccupiedMem(): int = return -1
proc getFreeMem(): int = return -1
proc getTotalMem(): int = return -1
proc cmp(x, y: string): int =
if x == y: return 0
if x < y: return -1
return 1
proc dealloc(p: pointer) = nil
proc alloc(size: int): pointer = nil
proc alloc0(size: int): pointer = nil
proc realloc(p: Pointer, newsize: int): pointer = nil
{.pop.} # checks
{.pop.} # hints