diff options
| author | Andreas Rumpf <rumpf_a@web.de> | 2008-08-23 11:16:44 +0200 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Andreas Rumpf <rumpf_a@web.de> | 2008-08-23 11:16:44 +0200 |
| commit | 07d5a8085bbcc21a1d9d06a2976ecc00e9c8d55b (patch) | |
| tree | b07a53afeb56f4bba917c1a3a843f48dd25b62be /doc | |
| parent | 916c25f9a70b68eb7a5e2c45d7cc2e10c6e3a525 (diff) | |
| download | Nim-07d5a8085bbcc21a1d9d06a2976ecc00e9c8d55b.tar.gz | |
too many changes to list
Diffstat (limited to 'doc')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/docs.txt | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/grammar.txt | 25 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/html/empty.txt | 1 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/lib.txt | 97 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/manual.txt | 3487 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/nimrodc.txt | 33 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/posix.txt | 220 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/readme.txt | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/regexprs.txt | 22 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/theindex.txt | 3854 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/tutorial.txt | 8 |
11 files changed, 5532 insertions, 2227 deletions
diff --git a/doc/docs.txt b/doc/docs.txt index f58a16f48..b2fe3ebed 100644 --- a/doc/docs.txt +++ b/doc/docs.txt @@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ The documentation consists of several documents: +- | `First steps after installation <steps.html>`_ + | Read this after installation for a quick introduction. + - | `Nimrod manual <manual.html>`_ | Read this to get to know the Nimrod programming system. @@ -21,6 +24,5 @@ The documentation consists of several documents: this if you want to hack the compiler or develop advanced macros. - | `Index <theindex.html>`_ - | The generated index. Often the quickest way to find the piece of + | The generated index. Often the quickest way to find the piece of information you need. - diff --git a/doc/grammar.txt b/doc/grammar.txt index 6bbf2c3e7..03f4b65b9 100644 --- a/doc/grammar.txt +++ b/doc/grammar.txt @@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ typeDescK ::= VAR typeDesc | REF typeDesc | PTR typeDesc | TYPE expr + | TUPLE tupleDesc | PROC paramList [pragma] typeDesc ::= typeDescK | primary @@ -157,23 +158,23 @@ colonAndEquals ::= [COLON typeDesc] EQUALS expr constDecl ::= symbol ["*"] [pragma] colonAndEquals [COMMENT | IND COMMENT] | COMMENT constSection ::= CONST indPush constDecl (SAD constDecl)* DED -typeDef ::= typeDesc | recordDef | objectDef | enumDef +typeDef ::= typeDesc | objectDef | enumDef -recordIdentPart ::= +objectIdentPart ::= (symbol ["*" | "-"] [pragma] optComma)+ COLON typeDesc [COMMENT | IND COMMENT] -recordWhen ::= WHEN expr COLON [COMMENT] recordPart - (ELIF expr COLON [COMMENT] recordPart)* - [ELSE COLON [COMMENT] recordPart] -recordCase ::= CASE expr COLON typeDesc [COMMENT] - (OF sliceList COLON [COMMENT] recordPart)* - [ELSE COLON [COMMENT] recordPart] +objectWhen ::= WHEN expr COLON [COMMENT] objectPart + (ELIF expr COLON [COMMENT] objectPart)* + [ELSE COLON [COMMENT] objectPart] +objectCase ::= CASE expr COLON typeDesc [COMMENT] + (OF sliceList COLON [COMMENT] objectPart)* + [ELSE COLON [COMMENT] objectPart] -recordPart ::= recordWhen | recordCase | recordIdentPart - | indPush recordPart (SAD recordPart)* DED -recordDef ::= RECORD [pragma] recordPart +objectPart ::= objectWhen | objectCase | objectIdentPart + | indPush objectPart (SAD objectPart)* DED +tupleDesc ::= BRACKET_LE optInd ((symbol optComma)+ COLON typeDesc optComma)* BRACKET_RI -objectDef ::= OBJECT [pragma] [OF typeDesc] recordPart +objectDef ::= OBJECT [pragma] [OF typeDesc] objectPart enumDef ::= ENUM [OF typeDesc] (symbol [EQUALS expr] optComma [COMMENT | IND COMMENT])+ typeDecl ::= COMMENT diff --git a/doc/html/empty.txt b/doc/html/empty.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 20f9a91e3..000000000 --- a/doc/html/empty.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -This file keeps several tools from deleting this subdirectory. diff --git a/doc/lib.txt b/doc/lib.txt index 4e4f9caa0..2fef5934d 100644 --- a/doc/lib.txt +++ b/doc/lib.txt @@ -13,36 +13,119 @@ Advanced libraries are in the ``lib/base`` directory. Basic libraries =============== -* `System <system.html>`_ +* `system <system.html>`_ Basic procs and operators that every program needs. It also provides IO facilities for reading and writing text and binary files. It is imported implicitly by the compiler. Do not import it directly. It relies on compiler magic to work. -* `Strutils <strutils.html>`_ +* `strutils <strutils.html>`_ This module contains common string handling operations like converting a string into uppercase, splitting a string into substrings, searching for substrings, replacing substrings. -* `OS <os.html>`_ +* `os <os.html>`_ Basic operating system facilities like retrieving environment variables, reading command line arguments, working with directories, running shell commands, etc. This module is -- like any other basic library -- platform independant. -* `Math <math.html>`_ +* `math <math.html>`_ Mathematical operations like cosine, square root. -* `Complex <complex.html>`_ +* `complex <complex.html>`_ This module implements complex numbers and their mathematical operations. -* `Times <times.html>`_ +* `times <times.html>`_ The ``times`` module contains basic support for working with time. +* `parseopt <parseopt.html>`_ + The ``parseopt`` module implements a command line option parser. This + supports long and short command options with optional values and command line + arguments. + +* `parsecfg <parsecfg.html>`_ + The ``parsecfg`` module implements a high performance configuration file + parser. The configuration file's syntax is similar to the Windows ``.ini`` + format, but much more powerful, as it is not a line based parser. String + literals, raw string literals and triple quote string literals are supported + as in the Nimrod programming language. + +* `strtabs <strtabs.html>`_ + The ``strtabs`` module implements an efficient hash table that is a mapping + from strings to strings. Supports a case-sensitive, case-insensitive and + style-insensitive mode. An efficient string substitution operator ``%`` + for the string table is also provided. + +* `hashes <hashes.html>`_ + This module implements efficient computations of hash values for diverse + Nimrod types. + +* `lexbase <lexbase.html>`_ + This is a low leve module that implements an extremely efficent buffering + scheme for lexers and parsers. This is used by the ``parsecfg`` module. + Advanced libaries ================= -* `Regexprs <regexprs.html>`_ +* `regexprs <regexprs.html>`_ This module contains procedures and operators for handling regular expressions. + +* `dialogs <dialogs.html>`_ + This module implements portable dialogs for Nimrod; the implementation + builds on the GTK interface. On Windows, native dialogs are shown if + appropriate. + + +Wrappers +======== + +Note that the generated HTML for some of these wrappers is so huge, that it is +not contained in the distribution. You can then find them on the website. + +* `posix <posix.html>`_ + Contains a wrapper for the POSIX standard. +* `windows <windows.html>`_ + Contains a wrapper for the Win32 API. +* `shellapi <shellapi.html>`_ + Contains a wrapper for the ``shellapi.h`` header. +* `shfolder <shfolder.html>`_ + Contains a wrapper for the ``shfolder.h`` header. +* `mmsystem <mmsystem.html>`_ + Contains a wrapper for the ``mmsystem.h`` header. +* `ole2 <ole2.html>`_ + Contains GUIDs for OLE2 automation support. +* `nb30 <nb30.html>`_ + This module contains the definitions for portable NetBIOS 3.0 support. +* `cairo <cairo.html>`_ + Wrapper for the cairo library. +* `cairoft <cairoft.html>`_ + Wrapper for the cairoft library. +* `cairowin32 <cairowin32.html>`_ + Wrapper for the cairowin32 library. +* `cairoxlib <cairoxlib.html>`_ + Wrapper for the cairoxlib library. +* `atk <atk.html>`_ + Wrapper for the atk library. +* `gdk2 <gdk2.html>`_ + Wrapper for the gdk2 library. +* `gdk2pixbuf <gdk2pixbuf.html>`_ + Wrapper for the gdk2pixbuf library. +* `gdkglext <gdkglext.html>`_ + Wrapper for the gdkglext library. +* `glib2 <glib2.html>`_ + Wrapper for the glib2 library. +* `gtk2 <gtk2.html>`_ + Wrapper for the gtk2 library. +* `gtkglext <gtkglext.html>`_ + Wrapper for the gtkglext library. +* `gtkhtml <gtkhtml.html>`_ + Wrapper for the gtkhtml library. +* `libglade2 <libglade2.html>`_ + Wrapper for the libglade2 library. +* `pango <pango.html>`_ + Wrapper for the pango library. +* `pangoutils <pangoutils.html>`_ + Wrapper for the pangoutils library. diff --git a/doc/manual.txt b/doc/manual.txt index 8debb92a5..babd96813 100644 --- a/doc/manual.txt +++ b/doc/manual.txt @@ -1,1742 +1,1749 @@ -============= -Nimrod Manual -============= - -:Author: Andreas Rumpf -:Version: |nimrodversion| - -.. contents:: - - -About this document -=================== - -This document describes the lexis, the syntax, and the semantics of Nimrod. - -The language constructs are explained using an extended BNF, in -which ``(a)*`` means 0 or more ``a``'s, ``a+`` means 1 or more ``a``'s, and -``(a)?`` means an optional *a*; an alternative spelling for optional parts is -``[a]``. The ``|`` symbol is used to mark alternatives -and has the lowest precedence. Parentheses may be used to group elements. -Non-terminals are in lowercase, terminal symbols (including keywords) are in -UPPERCASE. An example:: - - if_stmt ::= IF expr COLON stmts (ELIF expr COLON stmts)* [ELSE stmts] - -Other parts of Nimrod - like scoping rules or runtime semantics are only -described in an informal manner. The reason is that formal semantics are -difficult to write and understand. However, there is only one Nimrod -implementation, so one may consider it as the formal specification; -especially since the compiler's code is pretty clean (well, some parts of it). - - -Definitions -=========== - -A Nimrod program specifies a computation that acts on a memory consisting of -components called `locations`:idx:. A variable is basically a name for a -location. Each variable and location is of a certain `type`:idx:. The -variable's type is called `static type`:idx:, the location's type is called -`dynamic type`:idx:. If the static type is not the same as the dynamic type, -it is a supertype of the dynamic type. - -An `identifier`:idx: is a symbol declared as a name for a variable, type, -procedure, etc. The region of the program over which a declaration applies is -called the `scope`:idx: of the declaration. Scopes can be nested. The meaning -of an identifier is determined by the smallest enclosing scope in which the -identifier is declared. - -An expression specifies a computation that produces a value or location. -Expressions that produce locations are called `l-values`:idx:. An l-value -can denote either a location or the value the location contains, depending on -the context. Expressions whose values can be determined statically are called -`constant expressions`:idx:; they are never l-values. - -A `static error`:idx: is an error that the implementation detects before -program execution. Unless explicitly classified, an error is a static error. - -A `checked runtime error`:idx: is an error that the implementation detects -and reports at runtime. The method for reporting such errors is via *raising -exceptions*. However, the implementation provides a means to disable these -runtime checks. See the section pragmas_ for details. - -An `unchecked runtime error`:idx: is an error that is not guaranteed to be -detected, and can cause the subsequent behavior of the computation to -be arbitrary. Unchecked runtime errors cannot occur if only `safe`:idx: -language features are used. - - -Lexical Analysis -================ - -Encoding --------- - -All Nimrod source files are in the UTF-8 encoding (or its ASCII subset). Other -encodings are not supported. Any of the standard platform line termination -sequences can be used - the Unix form using ASCII LF (linefeed), the Windows -form using the ASCII sequence CR LF (return followed by linefeed), or the old -Macintosh form using the ASCII CR (return) character. All of these forms can be -used equally, regardless of platform. - - -Indentation ------------ - -Nimrod's standard grammar describes an `indentation sensitive`:idx: language. -This means that all the control structures are recognized by indentation. -Indentation consists only of spaces; tabulators are not allowed. - -The terminals ``IND`` (indentation), ``DED`` (dedentation) and ``SAD`` -(same indentation) are generated by the scanner, denoting an indentation. - -These terminals are only generated for lines that are not empty or contain -only whitespace and comments. - -The parser and the scanner communicate over a stack which indentation terminal -should be generated: The stack consists of integers counting the spaces. The -stack is initialized with a zero on its top. The scanner reads from the stack: -If the current indentation token consists of more spaces than the entry at the -top of the stack, a ``IND`` token is generated, else if it consists of the same -number of spaces, a ``SAD`` token is generated. If it consists of fewer spaces, -a ``DED`` token is generated for any item on the stack that is greater than the -current. These items are then popped from the stack by the scanner. At the end -of the file, a ``DED`` token is generated for each number remaining on the -stack that is larger than zero. - -Because the grammar contains some optional ``IND`` tokens, the scanner cannot -push new indentation levels. This has to be done by the parser. The symbol -``indPush`` indicates that an ``IND`` token is expected; the current number of -leading spaces is pushed onto the stack by the parser. - -Comments --------- - -`Comments`:idx: start anywhere outside a string or character literal with the -hash character ``#``. -Comments consist of a concatenation of `comment pieces`:idx:. A comment piece -starts with ``#`` and runs until the end of the line. The end of line characters -belong to the piece. If the next line only consists of a comment piece which is -aligned to the preceding one, it does not start a new comment: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - i = 0 # This is a single comment over multiple lines belonging to the - # assignment statement. The scanner merges these two pieces. - # This is a new comment belonging to the current block, but to no particular - # statement. - i = i + 1 # This a new comment that is NOT - echo(i) # continued here, because this comment refers to the echo statement - -Comments are tokens; they are only allowed at certain places in the input file -as they belong to the syntax tree! This feature enables perfect source-to-source -transformations (such as pretty-printing) and superior documentation generators. -A side-effect is that the human reader of the code always knows exactly which -code snippet the comment refers to. - - -Identifiers & Keywords ----------------------- - -`Identifiers`:idx: in Nimrod can be any string of letters, digits -and underscores, beginning with a letter. Two immediate following -underscores ``__`` are not allowed:: - - letter ::= 'A'..'Z' | 'a'..'z' | '\x80'..'\xff' - digit ::= '0'..'9' - IDENTIFIER ::= letter ( ['_'] letter | digit )* - -The following `keywords`:idx: are reserved and cannot be used as identifiers: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - :file: ../data/keywords.txt - -Some keywords are unused; they are reserved for future developments of the -language. - -Nimrod is a `style-insensitive`:idx: language. This means that it is not -case-sensitive and even underscores are ignored: -**type** is a reserved word, and so is **TYPE** or **T_Y_P_E**. The idea behind -this is that this allows programmers to use their own prefered spelling style -and libraries written by different programmers cannot use incompatible -conventions. The editors or IDE can show the identifiers as preferred. Another -advantage is that it frees the programmer from remembering the spelling of an -identifier. - - -Literal strings ---------------- - -`Literal strings`:idx: can be delimited by matching double quotes, and can -contain the following `escape sequences`:idx:\ : - -================== =================================================== - Escape sequence Meaning -================== =================================================== - ``\n`` `newline`:idx: - ``\r`` `carriage return`:idx: - ``\l`` `line feed`:idx: - ``\f`` `form feed`:idx: - ``\t`` `tabulator`:idx: - ``\v`` `vertical tabulator`:idx: - ``\\`` `backslash`:idx: - ``\"`` `quotation mark`:idx: - ``\'`` `apostrophe`:idx: - ``\d+`` `character with decimal value d`:idx:; - all decimal digits directly - following are used for the - character - ``\a`` `alert`:idx: - ``\b`` `backspace`:idx: - ``\e`` `escape`:idx: `[ESC]`:idx: - ``\xHH`` `character with hex value HH`:idx:; - exactly two hex digits are allowed -================== =================================================== - - -Strings in Nimrod may contain any 8-bit value, except embedded zeros -which are not allowed for compability with `C`:idx:. - -Literal strings can also be delimited by three double squotes -``"""`` ... ``"""``. -Literals in this form may run for several lines, may contain ``"`` and do not -interpret any escape sequences. -For convenience, when the opening ``"""`` is immediately -followed by a newline, the newline is not included in the string. -There are also `raw string literals` that are preceded with the letter ``r`` -(or ``R``) and are delimited by matching double quotes (just like ordinary -string literals) and do not interpret the escape sequences. This is especially -convenient for regular expressions or Windows paths: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - var f = openFile(r"C:\texts\text.txt") # a raw string, so ``\t`` is no tab - - -Literal characters ------------------- - -Character literals are enclosed in single quotes ``''`` and can contain the -same escape sequences as strings - with one exception: ``\n`` is not allowed -as it may be wider than one character (often it is the pair CR/LF for example). -A character is not an Unicode character but a single byte. The reason for this -is efficiency: For the overwhelming majority of use-cases, the resulting -programs will still handle UTF-8 properly as UTF-8 was specially designed for -this. -Another reason is that Nimrod should support ``array[char, int]`` or -``set[char]`` efficiently as many algorithms rely on this feature. - - -Numerical constants -------------------- - -`Numerical constants`:idx: are of a single type and have the form:: - - hexdigit ::= digit | 'A'..'F' | 'a'..'f' - octdigit ::= '0'..'7' - bindigit ::= '0'..'1' - INT_LIT ::= digit ( ['_'] digit )* - | '0' ('x' | 'X' ) hexdigit ( ['_'] hexdigit )* - | '0o' octdigit ( ['_'] octdigit )* - | '0' ('b' | 'B' ) bindigit ( ['_'] bindigit )* - - INT8_LIT ::= INT_LIT '\'' ('i' | 'I' ) '8' - INT16_LIT ::= INT_LIT '\'' ('i' | 'I' ) '16' - INT32_LIT ::= INT_LIT '\'' ('i' | 'I' ) '32' - INT64_LIT ::= INT_LIT '\'' ('i' | 'I' ) '64' - - exponent ::= ('e' | 'E' ) ['+' | '-'] digit ( ['_'] digit )* - FLOAT_LIT ::= digit (['_'] digit)* ('.' (['_'] digit)* [exponent] |exponent) - FLOAT32_LIT ::= ( FLOAT_LIT | INT_LIT ) '\'' ('f' | 'F') '32' - FLOAT64_LIT ::= ( FLOAT_LIT | INT_LIT ) '\'' ('f' | 'F') '64' - - -As can be seen in the productions, numerical constants can contain unterscores -for readability. Integer and floating point literals may be given in decimal (no -prefix), binary (prefix ``0b``), octal (prefix ``0o``) and -hexadecimal (prefix ``0x``) notation. - -There exists a literal for each numerical type that is -defined. The suffix starting with an apostophe ('\'') is called a -`type suffix`:idx:. Literals without a type prefix are of the type ``int``, -unless the literal contains a dot or an ``E`` in which case it is of -type ``float``. - -The following table specifies type suffixes: - -================= ========================= - Type Suffix Resulting type of literal -================= ========================= - ``'i8`` int8 - ``'i16`` int16 - ``'i32`` int32 - ``'i64`` int64 - ``'f32`` float32 - ``'f64`` float64 -================= ========================= - -Floating point literals may also be in binary, octal or hexadecimal -notation: -``0B0_10001110100_0000101001000111101011101111111011000101001101001001'f64`` -is approximately 1.72826e35 according to the IEEE floating point standard. - - - -Other tokens ------------- - -The following strings denote other tokens:: - - ( ) { } [ ] , ; [. .] {. .} (. .) - : = ^ .. ` - -`..`:tok: takes precedence over other tokens that contain a dot: `{..}`:tok: are -the three tokens `{`:tok:, `..`:tok:, `}`:tok: and not the two tokens -`{.`:tok:, `.}`:tok:. - -In Nimrod one can define his own operators. An `operator`:idx: is any -combination of the following characters that are not listed above:: - - + - * / < > - = @ $ ~ & % - ! ? ^ . | - -These keywords are also operators: -``and or not xor shl shr div mod in notin is isnot``. - - -Syntax -====== - -This section lists Nimrod's standard syntax in ENBF. How the parser receives -indentation tokens is already described in the Lexical Analysis section. - -Nimrod allows user-definable operators. -Binary operators have 8 different levels of precedence. For user-defined -operators, the precedence depends on the first character the operator consists -of. All binary operators are left-associative. - -================ ============================================== ================== =============== -Precedence level Operators First characters Terminal symbol -================ ============================================== ================== =============== - 7 (highest) ``$`` OP7 - 6 ``* / div mod shl shr %`` ``* % \ /`` OP6 - 5 ``+ -`` ``+ ~ |`` OP5 - 4 ``&`` ``&`` OP4 - 3 ``== <= < >= > != in not_in is isnot`` ``= < > !`` OP3 - 2 ``and`` OP2 - 1 ``or xor`` OP1 - 0 (lowest) ``? @ ^ ` : .`` OP0 -================ ============================================== ================== =============== - - -The grammar's start symbol is ``module``. The grammar is LL(1) and therefore -not ambigious. - -.. include:: grammar.txt - :literal: - - - -Semantics -========= - -Constants ---------- - -`Constants`:idx: are symbols which are bound to a value. The constant's value -cannot change. The compiler must be able to evaluate the expression in a -constant declaration at compile time. +============= +Nimrod Manual +============= + +:Author: Andreas Rumpf +:Version: |nimrodversion| + +.. contents:: + + +About this document +=================== + +This document describes the lexis, the syntax, and the semantics of Nimrod. + +The language constructs are explained using an extended BNF, in +which ``(a)*`` means 0 or more ``a``'s, ``a+`` means 1 or more ``a``'s, and +``(a)?`` means an optional *a*; an alternative spelling for optional parts is +``[a]``. The ``|`` symbol is used to mark alternatives +and has the lowest precedence. Parentheses may be used to group elements. +Non-terminals are in lowercase, terminal symbols (including keywords) are in +UPPERCASE. An example:: + + if_stmt ::= IF expr COLON stmts (ELIF expr COLON stmts)* [ELSE stmts] + +Other parts of Nimrod - like scoping rules or runtime semantics are only +described in an informal manner. The reason is that formal semantics are +difficult to write and understand. However, there is only one Nimrod +implementation, so one may consider it as the formal specification; +especially since the compiler's code is pretty clean (well, some parts of it). + + +Definitions +=========== + +A Nimrod program specifies a computation that acts on a memory consisting of +components called `locations`:idx:. A variable is basically a name for a +location. Each variable and location is of a certain `type`:idx:. The +variable's type is called `static type`:idx:, the location's type is called +`dynamic type`:idx:. If the static type is not the same as the dynamic type, +it is a supertype of the dynamic type. + +An `identifier`:idx: is a symbol declared as a name for a variable, type, +procedure, etc. The region of the program over which a declaration applies is +called the `scope`:idx: of the declaration. Scopes can be nested. The meaning +of an identifier is determined by the smallest enclosing scope in which the +identifier is declared. + +An expression specifies a computation that produces a value or location. +Expressions that produce locations are called `l-values`:idx:. An l-value +can denote either a location or the value the location contains, depending on +the context. Expressions whose values can be determined statically are called +`constant expressions`:idx:; they are never l-values. + +A `static error`:idx: is an error that the implementation detects before +program execution. Unless explicitly classified, an error is a static error. + +A `checked runtime error`:idx: is an error that the implementation detects +and reports at runtime. The method for reporting such errors is via *raising +exceptions*. However, the implementation provides a means to disable these +runtime checks. See the section pragmas_ for details. + +An `unchecked runtime error`:idx: is an error that is not guaranteed to be +detected, and can cause the subsequent behavior of the computation to +be arbitrary. Unchecked runtime errors cannot occur if only `safe`:idx: +language features are used. + + +Lexical Analysis +================ + +Encoding +-------- + +All Nimrod source files are in the UTF-8 encoding (or its ASCII subset). Other +encodings are not supported. Any of the standard platform line termination +sequences can be used - the Unix form using ASCII LF (linefeed), the Windows +form using the ASCII sequence CR LF (return followed by linefeed), or the old +Macintosh form using the ASCII CR (return) character. All of these forms can be +used equally, regardless of platform. + + +Indentation +----------- + +Nimrod's standard grammar describes an `indentation sensitive`:idx: language. +This means that all the control structures are recognized by indentation. +Indentation consists only of spaces; tabulators are not allowed. + +The terminals ``IND`` (indentation), ``DED`` (dedentation) and ``SAD`` +(same indentation) are generated by the scanner, denoting an indentation. + +These terminals are only generated for lines that are not empty or contain +only whitespace and comments. + +The parser and the scanner communicate over a stack which indentation terminal +should be generated: The stack consists of integers counting the spaces. The +stack is initialized with a zero on its top. The scanner reads from the stack: +If the current indentation token consists of more spaces than the entry at the +top of the stack, a ``IND`` token is generated, else if it consists of the same +number of spaces, a ``SAD`` token is generated. If it consists of fewer spaces, +a ``DED`` token is generated for any item on the stack that is greater than the +current. These items are then popped from the stack by the scanner. At the end +of the file, a ``DED`` token is generated for each number remaining on the +stack that is larger than zero. + +Because the grammar contains some optional ``IND`` tokens, the scanner cannot +push new indentation levels. This has to be done by the parser. The symbol +``indPush`` indicates that an ``IND`` token is expected; the current number of +leading spaces is pushed onto the stack by the parser. + +Comments +-------- + +`Comments`:idx: start anywhere outside a string or character literal with the +hash character ``#``. +Comments consist of a concatenation of `comment pieces`:idx:. A comment piece +starts with ``#`` and runs until the end of the line. The end of line characters +belong to the piece. If the next line only consists of a comment piece which is +aligned to the preceding one, it does not start a new comment: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + i = 0 # This is a single comment over multiple lines belonging to the + # assignment statement. The scanner merges these two pieces. + # This is a new comment belonging to the current block, but to no particular + # statement. + i = i + 1 # This a new comment that is NOT + echo(i) # continued here, because this comment refers to the echo statement + +Comments are tokens; they are only allowed at certain places in the input file +as they belong to the syntax tree! This feature enables perfect source-to-source +transformations (such as pretty-printing) and superior documentation generators. +A side-effect is that the human reader of the code always knows exactly which +code snippet the comment refers to. + + +Identifiers & Keywords +---------------------- + +`Identifiers`:idx: in Nimrod can be any string of letters, digits +and underscores, beginning with a letter. Two immediate following +underscores ``__`` are not allowed:: + + letter ::= 'A'..'Z' | 'a'..'z' | '\x80'..'\xff' + digit ::= '0'..'9' + IDENTIFIER ::= letter ( ['_'] letter | digit )* + +The following `keywords`:idx: are reserved and cannot be used as identifiers: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + :file: ../data/keywords.txt + +Some keywords are unused; they are reserved for future developments of the +language. + +Nimrod is a `style-insensitive`:idx: language. This means that it is not +case-sensitive and even underscores are ignored: +**type** is a reserved word, and so is **TYPE** or **T_Y_P_E**. The idea behind +this is that this allows programmers to use their own prefered spelling style +and libraries written by different programmers cannot use incompatible +conventions. The editors or IDE can show the identifiers as preferred. Another +advantage is that it frees the programmer from remembering the spelling of an +identifier. + + +Literal strings +--------------- + +`Literal strings`:idx: can be delimited by matching double quotes, and can +contain the following `escape sequences`:idx:\ : + +================== =================================================== + Escape sequence Meaning +================== =================================================== + ``\n`` `newline`:idx: + ``\r`` `carriage return`:idx: + ``\l`` `line feed`:idx: + ``\f`` `form feed`:idx: + ``\t`` `tabulator`:idx: + ``\v`` `vertical tabulator`:idx: + ``\\`` `backslash`:idx: + ``\"`` `quotation mark`:idx: + ``\'`` `apostrophe`:idx: + ``\d+`` `character with decimal value d`:idx:; + all decimal digits directly + following are used for the + character + ``\a`` `alert`:idx: + ``\b`` `backspace`:idx: + ``\e`` `escape`:idx: `[ESC]`:idx: + ``\xHH`` `character with hex value HH`:idx:; + exactly two hex digits are allowed +================== =================================================== + + +Strings in Nimrod may contain any 8-bit value, except embedded zeros +which are not allowed for compability with `C`:idx:. + +Literal strings can also be delimited by three double squotes +``"""`` ... ``"""``. +Literals in this form may run for several lines, may contain ``"`` and do not +interpret any escape sequences. +For convenience, when the opening ``"""`` is immediately +followed by a newline, the newline is not included in the string. +There are also `raw string literals` that are preceded with the letter ``r`` +(or ``R``) and are delimited by matching double quotes (just like ordinary +string literals) and do not interpret the escape sequences. This is especially +convenient for regular expressions or Windows paths: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + var f = openFile(r"C:\texts\text.txt") # a raw string, so ``\t`` is no tab + + +Literal characters +------------------ + +Character literals are enclosed in single quotes ``''`` and can contain the +same escape sequences as strings - with one exception: ``\n`` is not allowed +as it may be wider than one character (often it is the pair CR/LF for example). +A character is not an Unicode character but a single byte. The reason for this +is efficiency: For the overwhelming majority of use-cases, the resulting +programs will still handle UTF-8 properly as UTF-8 was specially designed for +this. +Another reason is that Nimrod should support ``array[char, int]`` or +``set[char]`` efficiently as many algorithms rely on this feature. + + +Numerical constants +------------------- + +`Numerical constants`:idx: are of a single type and have the form:: + + hexdigit ::= digit | 'A'..'F' | 'a'..'f' + octdigit ::= '0'..'7' + bindigit ::= '0'..'1' + INT_LIT ::= digit ( ['_'] digit )* + | '0' ('x' | 'X' ) hexdigit ( ['_'] hexdigit )* + | '0o' octdigit ( ['_'] octdigit )* + | '0' ('b' | 'B' ) bindigit ( ['_'] bindigit )* + + INT8_LIT ::= INT_LIT '\'' ('i' | 'I' ) '8' + INT16_LIT ::= INT_LIT '\'' ('i' | 'I' ) '16' + INT32_LIT ::= INT_LIT '\'' ('i' | 'I' ) '32' + INT64_LIT ::= INT_LIT '\'' ('i' | 'I' ) '64' + + exponent ::= ('e' | 'E' ) ['+' | '-'] digit ( ['_'] digit )* + FLOAT_LIT ::= digit (['_'] digit)* ('.' (['_'] digit)* [exponent] |exponent) + FLOAT32_LIT ::= ( FLOAT_LIT | INT_LIT ) '\'' ('f' | 'F') '32' + FLOAT64_LIT ::= ( FLOAT_LIT | INT_LIT ) '\'' ('f' | 'F') '64' + + +As can be seen in the productions, numerical constants can contain unterscores +for readability. Integer and floating point literals may be given in decimal (no +prefix), binary (prefix ``0b``), octal (prefix ``0o``) and +hexadecimal (prefix ``0x``) notation. + +There exists a literal for each numerical type that is +defined. The suffix starting with an apostophe ('\'') is called a +`type suffix`:idx:. Literals without a type prefix are of the type ``int``, +unless the literal contains a dot or an ``E`` in which case it is of +type ``float``. + +The following table specifies type suffixes: + +================= ========================= + Type Suffix Resulting type of literal +================= ========================= + ``'i8`` int8 + ``'i16`` int16 + ``'i32`` int32 + ``'i64`` int64 + ``'f32`` float32 + ``'f64`` float64 +================= ========================= + +Floating point literals may also be in binary, octal or hexadecimal +notation: +``0B0_10001110100_0000101001000111101011101111111011000101001101001001'f64`` +is approximately 1.72826e35 according to the IEEE floating point standard. + + + +Other tokens +------------ + +The following strings denote other tokens:: + + ( ) { } [ ] , ; [. .] {. .} (. .) + : = ^ .. ` + +`..`:tok: takes precedence over other tokens that contain a dot: `{..}`:tok: are +the three tokens `{`:tok:, `..`:tok:, `}`:tok: and not the two tokens +`{.`:tok:, `.}`:tok:. + +In Nimrod one can define his own operators. An `operator`:idx: is any +combination of the following characters that are not listed above:: + + + - * / < > + = @ $ ~ & % + ! ? ^ . | + +These keywords are also operators: +``and or not xor shl shr div mod in notin is isnot``. + + +Syntax +====== + +This section lists Nimrod's standard syntax in ENBF. How the parser receives +indentation tokens is already described in the Lexical Analysis section. + +Nimrod allows user-definable operators. +Binary operators have 8 different levels of precedence. For user-defined +operators, the precedence depends on the first character the operator consists +of. All binary operators are left-associative. + +================ ============================================== ================== =============== +Precedence level Operators First characters Terminal symbol +================ ============================================== ================== =============== + 7 (highest) ``$`` OP7 + 6 ``* / div mod shl shr %`` ``* % \ /`` OP6 + 5 ``+ -`` ``+ ~ |`` OP5 + 4 ``&`` ``&`` OP4 + 3 ``== <= < >= > != in not_in is isnot`` ``= < > !`` OP3 + 2 ``and`` OP2 + 1 ``or xor`` OP1 + 0 (lowest) ``? @ ^ ` : .`` OP0 +================ ============================================== ================== =============== + + +The grammar's start symbol is ``module``. The grammar is LL(1) and therefore +not ambigious. + +.. include:: grammar.txt + :literal: + + + +Semantics +========= + +Constants +--------- + +`Constants`:idx: are symbols which are bound to a value. The constant's value +cannot change. The compiler must be able to evaluate the expression in a +constant declaration at compile time. .. - Nimrod contains a sophisticated - compile-time evaluator, so procedures declared with the ``{.noSideEffect.}`` - pragma can be used in constant expressions: - - .. code-block:: nimrod - - from strutils import findSubStr - const - x = findSubStr('a', "hallo") # x is 1; this is computed at compile time! - - -Types ------ - -All expressions have a `type`:idx: which is known at compile time. Thus Nimrod -is statically typed. One can declare new types, which is in -essence defining an identifier that can be used to denote this custom type. - -These are the major type classes: - -* ordinal types (consist of integer, bool, character, enumeration - (and subranges thereof) types) -* floating point types -* string type -* structured types -* reference (pointer) type -* procedural type -* generic type - - -Ordinal types -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -`Ordinal types`:idx: have the following characteristics: - -- Ordinal types are countable and ordered. This property allows - the operation of functions as ``Inc``, ``Ord``, ``Dec`` on ordinal types to - be defined. -- Ordinal values have a smallest possible value. Trying to count farther - down than the smallest value gives a checked runtime or static error. -- Ordinal values have a largest possible value. Trying to count farther - than the largest value gives a checked runtime or static error. - -Integers, bool, characters and enumeration types (and subrange of these -types) belong to ordinal types. - - -Pre-defined numerical types -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -These integer types are pre-defined: - -``int`` - the generic signed integer type; its size is platform dependant - (the compiler chooses the processor's fastest integer type) - this type should be used in general. An integer literal that has no type - suffix is of this type. - -intXX - additional signed integer types of XX bits use this naming scheme - (example: int16 is a 16 bit wide integer). - The current implementation supports ``int8``, ``int16``, ``int32``, ``int64``. - Literals of these types have the suffix 'iXX. - - -There are no `unsigned integer`:idx: types, only `unsigned operations`:idx: -that treat their arguments as unsigned. Unsigned operations all wrap around; -they may not lead to over- or underflow errors. Unsigned operations use the -``%`` postfix as convention: - -====================== ====================================================== -operation meaning -====================== ====================================================== -``a +% b`` unsigned integer addition -``a -% b`` unsigned integer substraction -``a *% b`` unsigned integer multiplication -``a /% b`` unsigned integer division -``a %% b`` unsigned integer modulo operation -``a <% b`` treat ``a`` and ``b`` as unsigned and compare -``a <=% b`` treat ``a`` and ``b`` as unsigned and compare -``ze(a)`` extends the bits of ``a`` with zeros until it has the - width of the ``int`` type -``toU8(a)`` treats ``a`` as unsigned and converts it to an - unsigned integer of 8 bits (but still the - ``int8`` type) -``toU16(a)`` treats ``a`` as unsigned and converts it to an - unsigned integer of 16 bits (but still the - ``int16`` type) -``toU32(a)`` treats ``a`` as unsigned and converts it to an - unsigned integer of 32 bits (but still the - ``int32`` type) -====================== ====================================================== - -The following floating point types are pre-defined: - -``float`` - the generic floating point type; its size is platform dependant - (the compiler chooses the processor's fastest floating point type) - this type should be used in general - -floatXX - an implementation may define additional floating point types of XX bits using - this naming scheme (example: float64 is a 64 bit wide float). The current - implementation supports ``float32`` and ``float64``. Literals of these types - have the suffix 'fXX. - -`Automatic type conversion`:idx: in expressions where different kinds -of integer types are used is performed. However, if the type conversion -loses information, the `EInvalidValue`:idx: exception is raised. Certain cases -of the convert error are detected at compile time. - -Automatic type conversion in expressions with different kinds -of floating point types is performed: The smaller type is -converted to the larger. Arithmetic performed on floating point types -follows the IEEE standard. Only the ``int`` type is converted to a floating -point type automatically, other integer types are not. - - -Boolean type -~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The `boolean`:idx: type is named ``bool`` in Nimrod and can be one of the two -pre-defined values ``true`` and ``false``. Conditions in while, -if, elif, when statements need to be of type bool. - -This condition holds:: - - ord(false) == 0 and ord(true) == 1 - -The operators ``not, and, or, xor, implies, <, <=, >, >=, !=, ==`` are defined -for the bool type. The ``and`` and ``or`` operators perform short-cut -evaluation. Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - while p != nil and p.name != "xyz": - # p.name is not evaluated if p == nil - p = p.next - - -The size of the bool type is one byte. - - -Character type -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The `character type`:idx: is named ``char`` in Nimrod. Its size is one byte. -Thus it cannot represent an UTF-8 character, but a part of it. -The reason for this is efficiency: For the overwhelming majority of use-cases, -the resulting programs will still handle UTF-8 properly as UTF-8 was specially -designed for this. -Another reason is that Nimrod can support ``array[char, int]`` or -``set[char]`` efficiently as many algorithms rely on this feature. The -`TUniChar` type is used for Unicode characters, it can represent any Unicode -character. ``TUniChar`` is declared the ``unicode`` standard module. - - - -Enumeration types -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -`Enumeration`:idx: types define a new type whose values consist only of the ones -specified. -The values are ordered by the order in enum's declaration. Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - type - TDirection = enum - north, east, south, west - - -Now the following holds:: - - ord(north) == 0 - ord(east) == 1 - ord(south) == 2 - ord(west) == 3 - -Thus, north < east < south < west. The comparison operators can be used -with enumeration types. - -For better interfacing to other programming languages, the fields of enum -types can be assigned an explicit ordinal value. However, the ordinal values -have to be in ascending order. A field whose ordinal value that is not -explicitly given, is assigned the value of the previous field + 1. - -An explicit ordered enum can have *wholes*: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - type - TTokenType = enum - a = 2, b = 4, c = 89 # wholes are valid - -However, it is then not an ordinal anymore, so it is not possible to use these -enums as an index type for arrays. The procedures ``inc``, ``dec``, ``succ`` -and ``pred`` are not available for them either. - - -Subrange types -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -A `subrange`:idx: type is a range of values from an ordinal type (the host -type). To define a subrange type, one must specify it's limiting values: the -highest and lowest value of the type: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - type - TSubrange = range[0..5] - - -``TSubrange`` is a subrange of an integer which can only hold the values 0 -to 5. Assigning any other value to a variable of type ``TSubrange`` is a -checked runtime error (or static error if it can be statically -determined). Assignments from the base type to one of its subrange types -(and vice versa) are allowed. - -A subrange type has the same size as its base type (``int`` in the example). - - -String type -~~~~~~~~~~~ -All string literals are of the type `string`:idx:. A string in Nimrod is very -similar to a sequence of characters. However, strings in Nimrod both are -zero-terminated and have a length field. One can retrieve the length with the -builtin ``len`` procedure; the length never counts the terminating zero. -The assignment operator for strings always copies the string. - -Strings are compared by their lexicographical order. All comparison operators -are available. Strings can be indexed like arrays (lower bound is 0). Unlike -arrays, they can be used in case statements: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - case paramStr(i) - of "-v": incl(options, optVerbose) - of "-h", "-?": incl(options, optHelp) - else: write(stdout, "invalid command line option!\n") - -Per convention, all strings are UTF-8 strings, but this is not enforced. For -example, when reading strings from binary files, they are merely a sequence of -bytes. The index operation ``s[i]`` means the i-th *char* of ``s``, not the -i-th *unichar*. The iterator ``unichars`` from the ``unicode`` standard -module can be used for iteration over all unicode characters. - - -Structured types -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -A variable of a `structured type`:idx: can hold multiple values at the same -time. Stuctured types can be nested to unlimited levels. Arrays, sequences, -records, objects and sets belong to the structured types. - -Array and sequence types -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -`Arrays`:idx: are a homogenous type, meaning that each element in the array -has the same type. Arrays always have a fixed length which is specified at -compile time (except for open arrays). They can be indexed by any ordinal type. -A parameter ``A`` may be an *open array*, in which case it is indexed by -integers from 0 to ``len(A)-1``. - -`Sequences`:idx: are similar to arrays but of dynamic length which may change -during runtime (like strings). A sequence ``S`` is always indexed by integers -from 0 to ``len(S)-1`` and its bounds are checked. Sequences can also be -constructed by the array constructor ``[]``. - -A sequence may be passed to a parameter that is of type *open array*, but -not to a multi-dimensional open array, because it is impossible to do so in an -efficient manner. - -An array expression may be constructed by the array constructor ``[]``. -A constructed array is assignment compatible to a sequence. - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - type - TIntArray = array[0..5, int] # an array that is indexed with 0..5 - TIntSeq = seq[int] # a sequence of integers - var - x: TIntArray - y: TIntSeq - x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] # [] this is the array constructor that is compatible - # with arrays, open arrays and - y = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] # sequences - -The lower bound of an array may be received by the built-in proc -``low()``, the higher bound by ``high()``. The length may be -received by ``len()``. - -Arrays are always bounds checked (at compile-time or at runtime). These -checks can be disabled via pragmas or invoking the compiler with the -``--bound_checks:off`` command line switch. - - -Tuples, record and object types -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -A variable of a `record`:idx: or `object`:idx: type is a heterogenous storage -container. -A record or object defines various named *fields* of a type. The assignment -operator for records and objects always copies the whole record/object. The -constructor ``()`` can be used to initialize records/objects. A field may -be given a default value. Fields with default values do not have to be listed -in a record construction, all other fields have to be listed. - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - type - TPerson = record # type representing a person - name: string # a person consists of a name - age: int = 30 # and an age which default value is 30 - - var - person: TPerson - person = (name: "Peter") # person.age is its default value (30) - -The implementation aligns the fields for best access performance. The alignment -is done in a way that is compatible the way the C compiler does it. - -The difference between records and objects is that objects allow inheritance. -Objects have access to their type at runtime, so that the ``is`` operator -can be used to determine the object's type. Assignment from an object to its -parents' object leads to a static or runtime error (the -`EInvalidObjectAssignment`:idx: exception is raised). - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - type - TPerson = object - name: string - age: int - - TStudent = object of TPerson # a student is a person - id: int # with an id field - - var - student: TStudent - person: TPerson - student = (name: "Peter", age: 89, id: 3) - person = (name: "Mary", age: 17) - assert(student is TStudent) # is true - person = student # this is an error; person has no storage for id. - - -Set type -~~~~~~~~ -The `set type`:idx: models the mathematical notion of a set. The set's -basetype can only be an ordinal type. The reason is that sets are implemented -as bit vectors. Sets are designed for high performance computing. - -Note: The sets module can be used for sets of other types. - -Sets can be constructed via the set constructor: ``{}`` is the empty set. The -empty set is type combatible with any special set type. The constructor -can also be used to include elements (and ranges of elements) in the set: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - {'a'..'z', '0'..'9'} # This constructs a set that conains the - # letters from 'a' to 'z' and the digits - # from '0' to '9' - -These operations are supported by sets: - -================== ======================================================== -operation meaning -================== ======================================================== -``A + B`` union of two sets -``A * B`` intersection of two sets -``A - B`` difference of two sets (A without B's elements) -``A == B`` set equality -``A <= B`` subset relation (A is subset of B or equal to B) -``A < B`` strong subset relation (A is a real subset of B) -``e in A`` set membership (A contains element e) -``A -+- B`` symmetric set difference (= (A - B) + (B - A)) -``card(A)`` the cardinality of A (number of elements in A) -``incl(A, elem)`` same as A = A + {elem}, but may be faster -``excl(A, elem)`` same as A = A - {elem}, but may be faster -================== ======================================================== - -Reference type -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -References (similiar to `pointers`:idx: in other programming languages) are a -way to introduce many-to-one relationships. This means different references can -point to and modify the same location in memory. References should be used -sparingly in a program. They are only needed for constructing graphs. - -Nimrod distinguishes between `traced`:idx: and `untraced`:idx: references. -Untraced references are also called *pointers*. The difference between them is -that traced references are garbage collected, untraced are not. Thus untraced -references are *unsafe*. However for certain low-level operations (accessing -the hardware) untraced references are unavoidable. - -Traced references are declared with the **ref** keyword, untraced references -are declared with the **ptr** keyword. - -The ``^`` operator can be used to derefer a reference, the ``addr`` procedure -returns the address of an item. An address is always an untraced reference. -Thus the usage of ``addr`` is an *unsafe* feature. - -The ``.`` (access a record field operator) and ``[]`` (array/string/sequence -index operator) operators perform implicit dereferencing operations for -reference types: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - type - PNode = ref TNode - TNode = record - le, ri: PNode - data: int - - var - n: PNode - new(n) - n.data = 9 # no need to write n^.data - -To allocate a new traced object, the built-in procedure ``new`` has to be used. -To deal with untraced memory, the procedures ``alloc``, ``dealloc`` and -``realloc`` can be used. The documentation of the system module contains -further information. - -Special care has to be taken if an untraced object contains traced objects like -traced references, strings or sequences: In order to free everything properly, -the built-in procedure ``finalize`` has to be called before freeing the -untraced memory manually! - -.. XXX finalizers for traced objects - -Procedural type -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -A `procedural type`:idx: is internally a pointer to procedure. ``nil`` is -an allowed value for variables of a procedural type. Nimrod uses procedural -types to achieve `functional`:idx: programming techniques. Dynamic dispatch -for OOP constructs can also be implemented with procedural types. - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - type - TCallback = proc (x: int) {.cdecl.} - - proc printItem(x: Int) = ... - - proc forEach(c: TCallback) = - ... - - forEach(printItem) # this will NOT work because calling conventions differ - -A subtle issue with procedural types is that the calling convention of the -procedure influences the type compability: Procedural types are only compatible -if they have the same calling convention. - -Nimrod supports these `calling conventions`:idx:, which are all incompatible to -each other: - -`stdcall`:idx: - This the stdcall convention as specified by Microsoft. The generated C - procedure is declared with the ``__stdcall`` keyword. - -`cdecl`:idx: - The cdecl convention means that a procedure shall use the same convention - as the C compiler. Under windows the generated C procedure is declared with - the ``__cdecl`` keyword. - -`safecall`:idx: - This is the safecall convention as specified by Microsoft. The generated C - procedure is declared with the ``__safecall`` keyword. The word *safe* - refers to the fact that all hardware registers shall be pushed to the - hardware stack. - -`inline`:idx: - The inline convention means the the caller should not call the procedure, - but inline its code directly. Note that Nimrod does not inline, but leaves - this to the C compiler. Thus it generates ``__inline`` procedures. This is - only a hint for the compiler: It may completely ignore it and - it may inline procedures that are not marked as ``inline``. - -`fastcall`:idx: - Fastcall means different things to different C compilers. One gets whatever - the C ``__fastcall`` means. - -`nimcall`:idx: - Nimcall is the default convention used for Nimrod procedures. It is the - same as ``fastcall``, but only for C compilers that support ``fastcall``. - -`closure`:idx: - indicates that the procedure expects a context, a closure that needs - to be passed to the procedure. The implementation is the - same as ``cdecl``, but with a hidden pointer parameter (the - *closure*). The hidden parameter is always the last one. - -`syscall`:idx: - The syscall convention is the same as ``__syscall`` in C. It is used for - interrupts. - -`noconv`:idx: - The generated C code will not have any explicit calling convention and thus - use the C compiler's default calling convention. This is needed because - Nimrod's default calling convention for procedures is ``fastcall`` to - improve speed. This is unlikely to be needed by the user. - -Most calling conventions exist only for the Windows 32-bit platform. - - - -Statements ----------- -Nimrod uses the common statement/expression paradigma: `Statements`:idx: do not -produce a value in contrast to expressions. Call expressions are statements. -If the called procedure returns a value, it is not a valid statement -as statements do not produce values. To evaluate an expression for -side-effects and throwing its value away, one can use the ``discard`` -statement. - -Statements are separated into `simple statements`:idx: and -`complex statements`:idx:. -Simple statements are statements that cannot contain other statements, like -assignments, calls or the ``return`` statement; complex statements can -contain other statements. To avoid the `dangling else problem`:idx:, complex -statements always have to be intended:: - - simpleStmt ::= returnStmt - | yieldStmt - | discardStmt - | raiseStmt - | breakStmt - | continueStmt - | pragma - | importStmt - | fromStmt - | includeStmt - | exprStmt - complexStmt ::= ifStmt | whileStmt | caseStmt | tryStmt | forStmt - | blockStmt | asmStmt - | procDecl | iteratorDecl | macroDecl | templateDecl - | constDecl | typeDecl | whenStmt | varStmt - - - -Discard statement -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Syntax:: - - discardStmt ::= DISCARD expr - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - discard proc_call("arg1", "arg2") # discard the return value of `proc_call` - -The `discard`:idx: statement evaluates its expression for side-effects and -throws the expression's resulting value away. If the expression has no -side-effects, this generates a static error. Ignoring the return value of a -procedure without using a discard statement is not allowed. - - -Var statement -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Syntax:: - - colonOrEquals ::= COLON typeDesc [EQUALS expr] | EQUALS expr - varPart ::= (symbol ["*" | "-"] [pragma] optComma)+ colonOrEquals [COMMENT] - varStmt ::= VAR (varPart | indPush varPart (SAD varPart)* DED) - -`Var`:idx: statements declare new local and global variables and -initialize them. A comma seperated list of variables can be used to specify -variables of the same type: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - var - a: int = 0 - x, y, z: int - -If an initializer is given the type can be omitted: The variable is of the -same type as the initializing expression. Variables are always initialized -with a default value if there is no initializing expression. The default -value depends on the type and is always a zero in binary. - -============================ ============================================== -Type default value -============================ ============================================== -any integer type 0 -any float 0.0 -char '\0' -bool false -ref or pointer type nil -procedural type nil -sequence nil -string nil (**not** "") -tuple[A, B, ...] (default(A), default(B), ...) - (analogous for objects and records) -array[0..., T] [default(T), ...] -range[T] default(T); this may be out of the valid range -T = enum cast[T](0); this may be an invalid value -============================ ============================================== - - -Const section -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Syntax:: - - colonAndEquals ::= [COLON typeDesc] EQUALS expr - constDecl ::= CONST - indPush - symbol ["*"] [pragma] colonAndEquals - (SAD symbol ["*"] [pragma] colonAndEquals)* - DED - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - const - MyFilename = "/home/my/file.txt" - debugMode: bool = false - -The `const`:idx: section declares symbolic constants. A symbolic constant is -a name for a constant expression. Symbolic constants only allow read-access. - - -If statement -~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Syntax:: - - ifStmt ::= IF expr COLON stmt (ELIF expr COLON stmt)* [ELSE COLON stmt] - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - var name = readLine(stdin) - - if name == "Andreas": - echo("What a nice name!") - elif name == "": - echo("Don't you have a name?") - else: - echo("Boring name...") - -The `if`:idx: statement is a simple way to make a branch in the control flow: -The expression after the keyword ``if`` is evaluated, if it is true -the corresponding statements after the ``:`` are executed. Otherwise -the expression after the ``elif`` is evaluated (if there is an -``elif`` branch), if it is true the corresponding statements after -the ``:`` are executed. This goes on until the last ``elif``. If all -conditions fail, the ``else`` part is executed. If there is no ``else`` -part, execution continues with the statement after the ``if`` statement. - - -Case statement -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Syntax:: - - caseStmt ::= CASE expr (OF sliceList COLON stmt)* - (ELIF expr COLON stmt)* - [ELSE COLON stmt] - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - case readline(stdin) - of "delete-everything", "restart-computer": - echo("permission denied") - of "go-for-a-walk": echo("please yourself") - else: echo("unknown command") - -The `case`:idx: statement is similar to the if statement, but it represents -a multi-branch selection. The expression after the keyword ``case`` is -evaluated and if its value is in a *vallist* the corresponding statements -(after the ``of`` keyword) are executed. If the value is no given *vallist* -the ``else`` part is executed. If there is no ``else`` part and not all -possible values that ``expr`` can hold occur in a ``vallist``, a static -error is given. This holds only for expressions of ordinal types. -If the expression is not of an ordinal type, and no ``else`` part is -given, control just passes after the ``case`` statement. - -To suppress the static error in the ordinal case the programmer needs -to write an ``else`` part with a ``nil`` statement. - - -When statement -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Syntax:: - - whenStmt ::= WHEN expr COLON stmt (ELIF expr COLON stmt)* [ELSE COLON stmt] - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - when sizeof(int) == 2: - echo("running on a 16 bit system!") - elif sizeof(int) == 4: - echo("running on a 32 bit system!") - elif sizeof(int) == 8: - echo("running on a 64 bit system!") - else: - echo("cannot happen!") - -The `when`:idx: statement is almost identical to the ``if`` statement with some -exceptions: - -* Each ``expr`` has to be a constant expression (of type ``bool``). -* The statements do not open a new scope if they introduce new identifiers. -* The statements that belong to the expression that evaluated to true are - translated by the compiler, the other statements are not checked for - syntax or semantics at all! This holds also for any ``expr`` coming - after the expression that evaluated to true. - -The ``when`` statement enables conditional compilation techniques. As -a special syntatic extension, the ``when`` construct is also available -within ``record`` or ``object`` definitions. - - -Raise statement -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Syntax:: - - raiseStmt ::= RAISE [expr] - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - raise EOS("operating system failed") - -Apart from built-in operations like array indexing, memory allocation, etc. -the ``raise`` statement is the only way to raise an exception. The -identifier has to be the name of a previously declared exception. A -comma followed by an expression may follow; the expression must be of type -``string`` or ``cstring``; this is an error message that can be extracted -with the `getCurrentExceptionMsg`:idx: procedure in the module ``system``. - -If no exception name is given, the current exception is `re-raised`:idx:. The -`ENoExceptionToReraise`:idx: exception is raised if there is no exception to -re-raise. It follows that the ``raise`` statement *always* raises an -exception. - - -Try statement -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Syntax:: - - exceptList ::= (qualifiedIdent optComma)* - tryStmt ::= TRY COLON stmt - (EXCEPT exceptList COLON stmt)* - [FINALLY COLON stmt] - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - # read the first two lines of a text file that should contain numbers - # and tries to add them - var - f: TFile - if openFile(f, "numbers.txt"): - try: - var a = readLine(f) - var b = readLine(f) - echo("sum: " & $(parseInt(a) + parseInt(b))) - except EOverflow: - echo("overflow!") - except EValue: - echo("could not convert string to integer") - except EIO: - echo("IO error!") - finally: - closeFile(f) - -The statements after the `try`:idx: are executed in sequential order unless -an exception ``e`` is raised. If the exception type of ``e`` matches any -of the list ``exceptlist`` the corresponding statements are executed. -The statements following the ``except`` clauses are called -`exception handlers`:idx:. - -The empty `except`:idx: clause is executed if there is an exception that is -in no list. It is similiar to an ``else`` clause in ``if`` statements. - -If there is a `finally`:idx: clause, it is always executed after the -exception handlers. - -The exception is *consumed* in an exception handler. However, an -exception handler may raise another exception. If the exception is not -handled, it is propagated through the call stack. This means that often -the rest of the procedure - that is not within a ``finally`` clause - -is not executed (if an exception occurs). - - -Return statement -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Syntax:: - - returnStmt ::= RETURN [expr] - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - return 40+2 - -The `return`:idx: statement ends the execution of the current procedure. -It is only allowed in procedures. If there is an ``expr``, this is syntactic -sugar for: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - result = expr - return - -The `result`:idx: variable is always the return value of the procedure. It is -automatically declared by the compiler. - - -Yield statement -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Syntax:: - - yieldStmt ::= YIELD expr - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - yield (1, 2, 3) - -The `yield`:idx: statement is used instead of the ``return`` statement in -iterators. It is only valid in iterators. Execution is returned to the body -of the for loop that called the iterator. Yield does not end the iteration -process, but execution is passed back to the iterator if the next iteration -starts. See the section about iterators (`Iterators and the for statement`_) -for further information. - - -Block statement -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Syntax:: - - blockStmt ::= BLOCK [symbol] COLON stmt - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - var found = false - block myblock: - for i in 0..3: - for j in 0..3: - if a[j][i] == 7: - found = true - break myblock # leave the block, in this case both for-loops - echo(found) - -The block statement is a means to group statements to a (named) `block`:idx:. -Inside the block, the ``break`` statement is allowed to leave the block -immediately. A ``break`` statement can contain a name of a surrounding -block to specify which block is to leave. - - -Break statement -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Syntax:: - - breakStmt ::= BREAK [symbol] - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - break - -The `break`:idx: statement is used to leave a block immediately. If ``symbol`` -is given, it is the name of the enclosing block that is to leave. If it is -absent, the innermost block is leaved. - - -While statement -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Syntax:: - - whileStmt ::= WHILE expr COLON stmt - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - echo("Please tell me your password: \n") - var pw = readLine(stdin) - while pw != "12345": - echo("Wrong password! Next try: \n") - pw = readLine(stdin) - - -The `while`:idx: statement is executed until the ``expr`` evaluates to false. -Endless loops are no error. ``while`` statements open an `implicit block`, -so that they can be leaved with a ``break`` statement. - - -Continue statement -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Syntax:: - - continueStmt ::= CONTINUE - -A `continue`:idx: statement leads to the immediate next iteration of the -surrounding loop construct. It is only allowed within a loop. A continue -statement is syntactic sugar for a nested block: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - while expr1: - stmt1 - continue - stmt2 - - # is equivalent to: - while expr1: - block myBlockName: - stmt1 - break myBlockName - stmt2 - - -Assembler statement -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Syntax:: - - asmStmt ::= ASM [pragma] (STR_LIT | RSTR_LIT | TRIPLESTR_LIT) - -The direct embedding of `assembler`:idx: code into Nimrod code is supported -by the unsafe ``asm`` statement. Identifiers in the assembler code that refer to -Nimrod identifiers shall be enclosed in a special character which can be -specified in the statement's pragmas. The default special character is ``'`'``. - - -Procedures -~~~~~~~~~~ -What most programming languages call `methods`:idx: or `funtions`:idx: are -called `procedures`:idx: in Nimrod (which is the correct terminology). A -procedure declaration defines an identifier and associates it with a block -of code. A procedure may call itself recursively. The syntax is:: - - paramList ::= [PAR_LE ((symbol optComma)+ COLON typeDesc optComma)* PAR_RI] - [COLON typeDesc] - genericParams ::= BRACKET_LE (symbol [EQUALS typeDesc] )* BRACKET_RI - - procDecl ::= PROC symbol ["*"] [genericParams] paramList [pragma] - [EQUALS stmt] - -If the ``EQUALS stms`` part is missing, it is a `forward`:idx: declaration. If -the proc returns a value, the procedure body can access an implicit declared -variable named `result`:idx: that represents the return value. Procs can be -overloaded. The overloading resolution algorithm tries to find the proc that is -the best match for the arguments. A parameter may be given a default value that -is used if the caller does not provide a value for this parameter. Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - - proc toLower(c: Char): Char = # toLower for characters - if c in {'A'..'Z'}: - result = chr(ord(c) + (ord('a') - ord('A'))) - else: - result = c - - proc toLower(s: string): string = # toLower for strings - result = newString(len(s)) - for i in 0..len(s) - 1: - result[i] = toLower(s[i]) # calls toLower for characters; no recursion! - -`Operators`:idx: are procedures with a special operator symbol as identifier: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - proc `$` (x: int): string = # converts an integer to a string; - # since it has one parameter this is a prefix - # operator. With two parameters it would be - # an infix operator. - return intToStr(x) - -Calling a procedure can be done in many different ways: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - proc callme(x, y: int, s: string = "", c: char, b: bool = false) = ... - - # call with positional arguments# parameter bindings: - callme(0, 1, "abc", '\t', true) # (x=0, y=1, s="abc", c='\t', b=true) - # call with named and positional arguments: - callme(y=1, x=0, "abd", '\t') # (x=0, y=1, s="abd", c='\t', b=false) - # call with named arguments (order is not relevant): - callme(c='\t', y=1, x=0) # (x=0, y=1, s="", c='\t', b=false) - # call as a command statement: no () or , needed: - callme 0 1 "abc" '\t' - - -Iterators and the for statement -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Syntax:: - - forStmt ::= FOR (symbol optComma)+ IN expr [DOTDOT expr] COLON stmt - - paramList ::= [PAR_LE ((symbol optComma)+ COLON typeDesc optComma)* PAR_RI] - [COLON typeDesc] - genericParams ::= BRACKET_LE (symbol [EQUALS typeDesc] )* BRACKET_RI - - iteratorDecl ::= ITERATOR symbol ["*"] [genericParams] paramList [pragma] - [EQUALS stmt] - -The `for`:idx: statement is an abstract mechanism to iterate over the elements -of a container. It relies on an `iterator`:idx: to do so. Like ``while`` -statements, ``for`` statements open an `implicit block`:idx:, so that they -can be leaved with a ``break`` statement. The ``for`` loop declares -iteration variables (``x`` in the example) - their scope reaches until the -end of the loop body. The iteration variables' types are inferred by the -return type of the iterator. - -An iterator is similar to a procedure, except that it is always called in the -context of a ``for`` loop. Iterators provide a way to specify the iteration over -an abstract type. A key role in the execution of a ``for`` loop plays the -``yield`` statement in the called iterator. Whenever a ``yield`` statement is -reached the data is bound to the ``for`` loop variables and control continues -in the body of the ``for`` loop. The iterator's local variables and execution -state are automatically saved between calls. Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - # this definition exists in the system module - iterator items*(a: string): char {.inline.} = - var i = 0 - while i < len(a): - yield a[i] - inc(i) - - for ch in items("hello world"): # `ch` is an iteration variable - echo(ch) - -The compiler generates code as if the programmer would have written this: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - var i = 0 - while i < len(a): - var ch = a[i] - echo(ch) - inc(i) - -The current implementation always inlines the iterator code leading to zero -overhead for the abstraction. But this may increase the code size. Later -versions of the compiler will only inline iterators which have the calling -convention ``inline``. - -If the iterator yields a tuple, there have to be as many iteration variables -as there are components in the tuple. The i'th iteration variable's type is -the one of the i'th component. - - -Type sections -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Syntax:: - - typeDef ::= typeDesc | recordDef | objectDef | enumDef - genericParams ::= BRACKET_LE (symbol [EQUALS typeDesc] )* BRACKET_RI - - typeDecl ::= TYPE - indPush - symbol ["*"] [genericParams] [EQUALS typeDef] - (SAD symbol ["*"] [genericParams] [EQUALS typeDef])* - DED - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - type # example demonstrates mutually recursive types - PNode = ref TNode # a traced pointer to a TNode - TNode = record - le, ri: PNode # left and right subtrees - sym: ref TSym # leaves contain a reference to a TSym - - TSym = record # a symbol - name: string # the symbol's name - line: int # the line the symbol was declared in - code: PNode # the symbol's abstract syntax tree - -A `type`:idx: section begins with the ``type`` keyword. It contains multiple -type definitions. A type definition binds a type to a name. Type definitions -can be recursive or even mutually recursive. Mutually Recursive types are only -possible within a single ``type`` section. - - -Generics -~~~~~~~~ - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - type - TBinaryTree[T] = record # TBinaryTree is a generic type with - # with generic param ``T`` - le, ri: ref TBinaryTree[T] # left and right subtrees; may be nil - data: T # the data stored in a node - PBinaryTree[T] = ref TBinaryTree[T] # a shorthand for notational convenience - - proc newNode[T](data: T): PBinaryTree[T] = # constructor for a node - new(result) - result.dat = data - - proc add[T](root: var PBinaryTree[T], n: PBinaryTree[T]) = - if root == nil: - root = n - else: - var it = root - while it != nil: - var c = cmp(it.data, n.data) # compare the data items; uses - # the generic ``cmd`` proc that works for - # any type that has a ``==`` and ``<`` - # operator - if c < 0: - if it.le == nil: - it.le = n - return - it = it.le - else: - if it.ri == nil: - it.ri = n - return - it = it.ri - - iterator inorder[T](root: PBinaryTree[T]): T = - # inorder traversal of a binary tree - # recursive iterators are not yet implemented, so this does not work in - # the current compiler! - if root.le != nil: - yield inorder(root.le) - yield root.data - if root.ri != nil: - yield inorder(root.ri) - - var - root: PBinaryTree[string] # instantiate a PBinaryTree with the type string - add(root, newNode("hallo")) # instantiates generic procs ``newNode`` and - add(root, newNode("world")) # ``add`` - for str in inorder(root): - writeln(stdout, str) - -`Generics`:idx: are Nimrod's means to parametrize procs, iterators or types with -`type parameters`:idx:. Depending on context, the brackets are used either to -introduce type parameters or to instantiate a generic proc, iterator or type. - - -Templates -~~~~~~~~~ - -A `template`:idx: is a simple form of a macro. It operates on parse trees and is -processed in the semantic pass of the compiler. So they integrate well with the -rest of the language and share none of C's preprocessor macros flaws. However, -they may lead to code that is harder to understand and maintain. So one ought -to use them sparingly. The usage of ordinary procs, iterators or generics is -preferred to the usage of templates. - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - template `!=` (a, b: expr): expr = - # this definition exists in the System module - not (a == b) - - writeln(5 != 6) # the compiler rewrites that to: writeln(not (5 == 6)) - - -Macros -~~~~~~ - -`Macros`:idx: are the most powerful feature of Nimrod. They should be used -only to implement `domain specific languages`:idx:. They may lead to code -that is harder to understand and maintain. So one ought to use them sparingly. -The usage of ordinary procs, iterators or generics is preferred to the usage of -macros. - - -Modules -------- -Nimrod supports splitting a program into pieces by a `module`:idx: concept. -Modules make separate compilation possible. Each module needs to be in its -own file. Modules enable `information hiding`:idx: and -`separate compilation`:idx:. A module may gain access to symbols of another -module by the `import`:idx: statement. `Recursive module dependancies`:idx: are -allowed, but slightly subtle. - -The algorithm for compiling modules is: - -- Compile the whole module as usual, following import statements recursively -- if we have a cycle only import the already parsed symbols (that are - exported); if an unknown identifier occurs then abort - -This is best illustrated by an example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - # Module A - type - T1* = int - import B # the compiler starts parsing B - - proc main() = - var i = p(3) # works because B has been parsed completely here - - main() - - - # Module B - import A # A is not parsed here! Only the already known symbols - # of A are imported here. - - proc p*(x: A.T1): A.T1 # this works because the compiler has already - # added T1 to A's interface symbol table - - proc p(x: A.T1): A.T1 = return x + 1 - - -Scope rules ------------ -Identifiers are valid from the point of their declaration until the end of -the block in which the declaration occurred. The range where the identifier -is known is the `scope`:idx: of the identifier. The exact scope of an -identifier depends on the way it was declared. - -Block scope -~~~~~~~~~~~ -The *scope* of a variable declared in the declaration part of a block -is valid from the point of declaration until the end of the block. If a -block contains a second block, in which the identifier is redeclared, -then inside this block, the second declaration will be valid. Upon -leaving the inner block, the first declaration is valid again. An -identifier cannot be redefined in the same block, except if valid for -procedure or iterator overloading purposes. - - -Record or object scope -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The field identifiers inside a record or object definition are valid in the -following places: - -* To the end of the record definition -* Field designators of a variable of the given record type. -* In all descendent types of the object type. - -Module scope -~~~~~~~~~~~~ -All identifiers in the interface part of a module are valid from the point of -declaration, until the end of the module. Furthermore, the identifiers are -known in other modules that import the module. Identifiers from indirectly -dependent modules are *not* available. The `system`:idx: module is automatically -imported in all other modules. - -If a module imports an identifier by two different modules, -each occurance of the identifier has to be qualified, unless it is an -overloaded procedure or iterator in which case the overloading -resolution takes place: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - # Module A - var x*: string - - # Module B - var x*: int - - # Module C - import A, B - write(stdout, x) # error: x is ambigious - write(sdtout, A.x) # no error: qualifier used - - var x = 4 - write(stdout, x) # not ambigious: uses the module C's x - - -Messages -======== - -The Nimrod compiler emits different kinds of messages: `hint`:idx:, -`warning`:idx:, and `error`:idx: messages. An *error* message is emitted if -the compiler encounters any static error. - -Pragmas -======= - -Syntax:: - - pragma ::= CURLYDOT_LE (expr [COLON expr] optComma)+ (CURLYDOT_RI | CURLY_RI) - -Pragmas are Nimrod's method to give the compiler additional information/ -commands without introducing a massive number of new keywords. Pragmas are -processed on the fly during parsing. Pragmas are always enclosed in the -special ``{.`` and ``.}`` curly brackets. - - -define pragma -------------- -The `define`:idx: pragma defines a conditional symbol. This symbol may only be -used in other pragmas and in the ``defined`` expression and not in ordinary -Nimrod source code. The conditional symbols go into a special symbol table. -The compiler defines the target processor and the target operating -system as conditional symbols. - - -undef pragma ------------- -The `undef`:idx: pragma the counterpart to the define pragma. It undefines a -conditional symbol. - - -error pragma ------------- -The `error`:idx: pragma is used to make the compiler output an error message -with the given content. Compilation currently aborts after an error, but this -may be changed in later versions. - - -fatal pragma ------------- -The `fatal`:idx: pragma is used to make the compiler output an error message -with the given content. In contrast to the ``error`` pragma, compilation -is guaranteed to be aborted by this pragma. - -warning pragma --------------- -The `warning`:idx: pragma is used to make the compiler output a warning message -with the given content. Compilation continues after the warning. - -hint pragma ------------ -The `hint`:idx: pragma is used to make the compiler output a hint message with -the given content. Compilation continues after the hint. - - -compilation option pragmas --------------------------- -The listed pragmas here can be used to override the code generation options -for a section of code. -:: - - "{." pragma: val {pragma: val} ".}" - - -The implementation currently provides the following possible options (later -various others may be added). - -=============== =============== ============================================ -pragma allowed values description -=============== =============== ============================================ -checks on|off Turns the code generation for all runtime - checks on or off. -bound_checks on|off Turns the code generation for array bound - checks on or off. -overflow_checks on|off Turns the code generation for over- or - underflow checks on or off. -nil_checks on|off Turns the code generation for nil pointer - checks on or off. -assertions on|off Turns the code generation for assertions - on or off. -warnings on|off Turns the warning messages of the compiler - on or off. -hints on|off Turns the hint messages of the compiler - on or off. -optimization none|speed|size Optimize the code for speed or size, or - disable optimization. For non-optimizing - compilers this option has no effect. - Neverless they must parse it properly. -callconv cdecl|... Specifies the default calling convention for - all procedures (and procedure types) that - follow. -=============== =============== ============================================ - -Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - {.checks: off, optimization: speed.} - # compile without runtime checks and optimize for speed - - -push and pop pragmas --------------------- -The `push/pop`:idx: pragmas are very similar to the option directive, -but are used to override the settings temporarily. Example: - -.. code-block:: nimrod - {.push checks: off.} - # compile this section without runtime checks as it is - # speed critical - # ... some code ... - {.pop.} # restore old settings + Nimrod contains a sophisticated + compile-time evaluator, so procedures declared with the ``{.noSideEffect.}`` + pragma can be used in constant expressions: + + .. code-block:: nimrod + + from strutils import findSubStr + const + x = findSubStr('a', "hallo") # x is 1; this is computed at compile time! + + +Types +----- + +All expressions have a `type`:idx: which is known at compile time. Thus Nimrod +is statically typed. One can declare new types, which is in +essence defining an identifier that can be used to denote this custom type. + +These are the major type classes: + +* ordinal types (consist of integer, bool, character, enumeration + (and subranges thereof) types) +* floating point types +* string type +* structured types +* reference (pointer) type +* procedural type +* generic type + + +Ordinal types +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +`Ordinal types`:idx: have the following characteristics: + +- Ordinal types are countable and ordered. This property allows + the operation of functions as ``Inc``, ``Ord``, ``Dec`` on ordinal types to + be defined. +- Ordinal values have a smallest possible value. Trying to count farther + down than the smallest value gives a checked runtime or static error. +- Ordinal values have a largest possible value. Trying to count farther + than the largest value gives a checked runtime or static error. + +Integers, bool, characters and enumeration types (and subrange of these +types) belong to ordinal types. + + +Pre-defined numerical types +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +These integer types are pre-defined: + +``int`` + the generic signed integer type; its size is platform dependant + (the compiler chooses the processor's fastest integer type) + this type should be used in general. An integer literal that has no type + suffix is of this type. + +intXX + additional signed integer types of XX bits use this naming scheme + (example: int16 is a 16 bit wide integer). + The current implementation supports ``int8``, ``int16``, ``int32``, ``int64``. + Literals of these types have the suffix 'iXX. + + +There are no `unsigned integer`:idx: types, only `unsigned operations`:idx: +that treat their arguments as unsigned. Unsigned operations all wrap around; +they may not lead to over- or underflow errors. Unsigned operations use the +``%`` postfix as convention: + +====================== ====================================================== +operation meaning +====================== ====================================================== +``a +% b`` unsigned integer addition +``a -% b`` unsigned integer substraction +``a *% b`` unsigned integer multiplication +``a /% b`` unsigned integer division +``a %% b`` unsigned integer modulo operation +``a <% b`` treat ``a`` and ``b`` as unsigned and compare +``a <=% b`` treat ``a`` and ``b`` as unsigned and compare +``ze(a)`` extends the bits of ``a`` with zeros until it has the + width of the ``int`` type +``toU8(a)`` treats ``a`` as unsigned and converts it to an + unsigned integer of 8 bits (but still the + ``int8`` type) +``toU16(a)`` treats ``a`` as unsigned and converts it to an + unsigned integer of 16 bits (but still the + ``int16`` type) +``toU32(a)`` treats ``a`` as unsigned and converts it to an + unsigned integer of 32 bits (but still the + ``int32`` type) +====================== ====================================================== + +The following floating point types are pre-defined: + +``float`` + the generic floating point type; its size is platform dependant + (the compiler chooses the processor's fastest floating point type) + this type should be used in general + +floatXX + an implementation may define additional floating point types of XX bits using + this naming scheme (example: float64 is a 64 bit wide float). The current + implementation supports ``float32`` and ``float64``. Literals of these types + have the suffix 'fXX. + +`Automatic type conversion`:idx: in expressions where different kinds +of integer types are used is performed. However, if the type conversion +loses information, the `EInvalidValue`:idx: exception is raised. Certain cases +of the convert error are detected at compile time. + +Automatic type conversion in expressions with different kinds +of floating point types is performed: The smaller type is +converted to the larger. Arithmetic performed on floating point types +follows the IEEE standard. Only the ``int`` type is converted to a floating +point type automatically, other integer types are not. + + +Boolean type +~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The `boolean`:idx: type is named ``bool`` in Nimrod and can be one of the two +pre-defined values ``true`` and ``false``. Conditions in while, +if, elif, when statements need to be of type bool. + +This condition holds:: + + ord(false) == 0 and ord(true) == 1 + +The operators ``not, and, or, xor, implies, <, <=, >, >=, !=, ==`` are defined +for the bool type. The ``and`` and ``or`` operators perform short-cut +evaluation. Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + while p != nil and p.name != "xyz": + # p.name is not evaluated if p == nil + p = p.next + + +The size of the bool type is one byte. + + +Character type +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The `character type`:idx: is named ``char`` in Nimrod. Its size is one byte. +Thus it cannot represent an UTF-8 character, but a part of it. +The reason for this is efficiency: For the overwhelming majority of use-cases, +the resulting programs will still handle UTF-8 properly as UTF-8 was specially +designed for this. +Another reason is that Nimrod can support ``array[char, int]`` or +``set[char]`` efficiently as many algorithms rely on this feature. The +`TUniChar` type is used for Unicode characters, it can represent any Unicode +character. ``TUniChar`` is declared the ``unicode`` standard module. + + + +Enumeration types +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +`Enumeration`:idx: types define a new type whose values consist only of the ones +specified. +The values are ordered by the order in enum's declaration. Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + type + TDirection = enum + north, east, south, west + + +Now the following holds:: + + ord(north) == 0 + ord(east) == 1 + ord(south) == 2 + ord(west) == 3 + +Thus, north < east < south < west. The comparison operators can be used +with enumeration types. + +For better interfacing to other programming languages, the fields of enum +types can be assigned an explicit ordinal value. However, the ordinal values +have to be in ascending order. A field whose ordinal value that is not +explicitly given, is assigned the value of the previous field + 1. + +An explicit ordered enum can have *wholes*: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + type + TTokenType = enum + a = 2, b = 4, c = 89 # wholes are valid + +However, it is then not an ordinal anymore, so it is not possible to use these +enums as an index type for arrays. The procedures ``inc``, ``dec``, ``succ`` +and ``pred`` are not available for them either. + + +Subrange types +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +A `subrange`:idx: type is a range of values from an ordinal type (the host +type). To define a subrange type, one must specify it's limiting values: the +highest and lowest value of the type: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + type + TSubrange = range[0..5] + + +``TSubrange`` is a subrange of an integer which can only hold the values 0 +to 5. Assigning any other value to a variable of type ``TSubrange`` is a +checked runtime error (or static error if it can be statically +determined). Assignments from the base type to one of its subrange types +(and vice versa) are allowed. + +A subrange type has the same size as its base type (``int`` in the example). + + +String type +~~~~~~~~~~~ +All string literals are of the type `string`:idx:. A string in Nimrod is very +similar to a sequence of characters. However, strings in Nimrod both are +zero-terminated and have a length field. One can retrieve the length with the +builtin ``len`` procedure; the length never counts the terminating zero. +The assignment operator for strings always copies the string. + +Strings are compared by their lexicographical order. All comparison operators +are available. Strings can be indexed like arrays (lower bound is 0). Unlike +arrays, they can be used in case statements: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + case paramStr(i) + of "-v": incl(options, optVerbose) + of "-h", "-?": incl(options, optHelp) + else: write(stdout, "invalid command line option!\n") + +Per convention, all strings are UTF-8 strings, but this is not enforced. For +example, when reading strings from binary files, they are merely a sequence of +bytes. The index operation ``s[i]`` means the i-th *char* of ``s``, not the +i-th *unichar*. The iterator ``unichars`` from the ``unicode`` standard +module can be used for iteration over all unicode characters. + + +Structured types +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +A variable of a `structured type`:idx: can hold multiple values at the same +time. Stuctured types can be nested to unlimited levels. Arrays, sequences, +tuples, objects and sets belong to the structured types. + +Array and sequence types +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +`Arrays`:idx: are a homogenous type, meaning that each element in the array +has the same type. Arrays always have a fixed length which is specified at +compile time (except for open arrays). They can be indexed by any ordinal type. +A parameter ``A`` may be an *open array*, in which case it is indexed by +integers from 0 to ``len(A)-1``. + +`Sequences`:idx: are similar to arrays but of dynamic length which may change +during runtime (like strings). A sequence ``S`` is always indexed by integers +from 0 to ``len(S)-1`` and its bounds are checked. Sequences can also be +constructed by the array constructor ``[]``. + +A sequence may be passed to a parameter that is of type *open array*, but +not to a multi-dimensional open array, because it is impossible to do so in an +efficient manner. + +An array expression may be constructed by the array constructor ``[]``. +A constructed array is assignment compatible to a sequence. + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + type + TIntArray = array[0..5, int] # an array that is indexed with 0..5 + TIntSeq = seq[int] # a sequence of integers + var + x: TIntArray + y: TIntSeq + x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] # [] this is the array constructor that is compatible + # with arrays, open arrays and + y = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] # sequences + +The lower bound of an array may be received by the built-in proc +``low()``, the higher bound by ``high()``. The length may be +received by ``len()``. + +Arrays are always bounds checked (at compile-time or at runtime). These +checks can be disabled via pragmas or invoking the compiler with the +``--bound_checks:off`` command line switch. + + +Tuples and object types +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +A variable of a `tuple`:idx: or `object`:idx: type is a heterogenous storage +container. +A tuple or object defines various named *fields* of a type. A tuple defines an +*order* of the fields additionally. Tuples are meant for heterogenous storage +types with no overhead and few abstraction possibilities. The constructor ``()`` +can be used to construct tuples. The order of the fields in the constructor +must match the order of the tuple's definition. Different tuple-types are +*equivalent* if they specify the same fields of the same type in the same +order. + +The assignment operator for tuples copies each component. +The default assignment operator for objects is not defined. The programmer may +provide one, however. + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + type + TPerson = tuple[name: string, age: int] # type representing a person + # a person consists of a name + # and an age + var + person: TPerson + person = (name: "Peter", age: 30) + # the same, but less readable: + person = ("Peter", 30) + +The implementation aligns the fields for best access performance. The alignment +is done in a way that is compatible the way the C compiler does it. + +Objects provide many features that tuples do not. Object provide inheritance +and information hiding. Objects have access to their type at runtime, so that +the ``is`` operator can be used to determine the object's type. + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + type + TPerson = object + name*: string # the * means that `name` is accessible from the outside + age: int # no * means that the field is hidden + + TStudent = object of TPerson # a student is a person + id: int # with an id field + + var + student: TStudent + person: TPerson + assert(student is TStudent) # is true + +Object fields that should be visible outside from the defining module, have to +marked by ``*``. In contrast to tuples, different object types are +never *equivalent*. + + +Set type +~~~~~~~~ +The `set type`:idx: models the mathematical notion of a set. The set's +basetype can only be an ordinal type. The reason is that sets are implemented +as bit vectors. Sets are designed for high performance computing. + +Note: The sets module can be used for sets of other types. + +Sets can be constructed via the set constructor: ``{}`` is the empty set. The +empty set is type combatible with any special set type. The constructor +can also be used to include elements (and ranges of elements) in the set: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + {'a'..'z', '0'..'9'} # This constructs a set that conains the + # letters from 'a' to 'z' and the digits + # from '0' to '9' + +These operations are supported by sets: + +================== ======================================================== +operation meaning +================== ======================================================== +``A + B`` union of two sets +``A * B`` intersection of two sets +``A - B`` difference of two sets (A without B's elements) +``A == B`` set equality +``A <= B`` subset relation (A is subset of B or equal to B) +``A < B`` strong subset relation (A is a real subset of B) +``e in A`` set membership (A contains element e) +``A -+- B`` symmetric set difference (= (A - B) + (B - A)) +``card(A)`` the cardinality of A (number of elements in A) +``incl(A, elem)`` same as A = A + {elem}, but may be faster +``excl(A, elem)`` same as A = A - {elem}, but may be faster +================== ======================================================== + +Reference type +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +References (similiar to `pointers`:idx: in other programming languages) are a +way to introduce many-to-one relationships. This means different references can +point to and modify the same location in memory. References should be used +sparingly in a program. They are only needed for constructing graphs. + +Nimrod distinguishes between `traced`:idx: and `untraced`:idx: references. +Untraced references are also called *pointers*. The difference between them is +that traced references are garbage collected, untraced are not. Thus untraced +references are *unsafe*. However for certain low-level operations (accessing +the hardware) untraced references are unavoidable. + +Traced references are declared with the **ref** keyword, untraced references +are declared with the **ptr** keyword. + +The ``^`` operator can be used to derefer a reference, the ``addr`` procedure +returns the address of an item. An address is always an untraced reference. +Thus the usage of ``addr`` is an *unsafe* feature. + +The ``.`` (access a tuple/object field operator) +and ``[]`` (array/string/sequence index operator) operators perform implicit +dereferencing operations for reference types: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + type + PNode = ref TNode + TNode = object + le, ri: PNode + data: int + + var + n: PNode + new(n) + n.data = 9 # no need to write n^.data + +To allocate a new traced object, the built-in procedure ``new`` has to be used. +To deal with untraced memory, the procedures ``alloc``, ``dealloc`` and +``realloc`` can be used. The documentation of the system module contains +further information. + +Special care has to be taken if an untraced object contains traced objects like +traced references, strings or sequences: In order to free everything properly, +the built-in procedure ``finalize`` has to be called before freeing the +untraced memory manually! + +.. XXX finalizers for traced objects + +Procedural type +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +A `procedural type`:idx: is internally a pointer to procedure. ``nil`` is +an allowed value for variables of a procedural type. Nimrod uses procedural +types to achieve `functional`:idx: programming techniques. Dynamic dispatch +for OOP constructs can also be implemented with procedural types. + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + type + TCallback = proc (x: int) {.cdecl.} + + proc printItem(x: Int) = ... + + proc forEach(c: TCallback) = + ... + + forEach(printItem) # this will NOT work because calling conventions differ + +A subtle issue with procedural types is that the calling convention of the +procedure influences the type compability: Procedural types are only compatible +if they have the same calling convention. + +Nimrod supports these `calling conventions`:idx:, which are all incompatible to +each other: + +`stdcall`:idx: + This the stdcall convention as specified by Microsoft. The generated C + procedure is declared with the ``__stdcall`` keyword. + +`cdecl`:idx: + The cdecl convention means that a procedure shall use the same convention + as the C compiler. Under windows the generated C procedure is declared with + the ``__cdecl`` keyword. + +`safecall`:idx: + This is the safecall convention as specified by Microsoft. The generated C + procedure is declared with the ``__safecall`` keyword. The word *safe* + refers to the fact that all hardware registers shall be pushed to the + hardware stack. + +`inline`:idx: + The inline convention means the the caller should not call the procedure, + but inline its code directly. Note that Nimrod does not inline, but leaves + this to the C compiler. Thus it generates ``__inline`` procedures. This is + only a hint for the compiler: It may completely ignore it and + it may inline procedures that are not marked as ``inline``. + +`fastcall`:idx: + Fastcall means different things to different C compilers. One gets whatever + the C ``__fastcall`` means. + +`nimcall`:idx: + Nimcall is the default convention used for Nimrod procedures. It is the + same as ``fastcall``, but only for C compilers that support ``fastcall``. + +`closure`:idx: + indicates that the procedure expects a context, a closure that needs + to be passed to the procedure. The implementation is the + same as ``cdecl``, but with a hidden pointer parameter (the + *closure*). The hidden parameter is always the last one. + +`syscall`:idx: + The syscall convention is the same as ``__syscall`` in C. It is used for + interrupts. + +`noconv`:idx: + The generated C code will not have any explicit calling convention and thus + use the C compiler's default calling convention. This is needed because + Nimrod's default calling convention for procedures is ``fastcall`` to + improve speed. This is unlikely to be needed by the user. + +Most calling conventions exist only for the Windows 32-bit platform. + + + +Statements +---------- +Nimrod uses the common statement/expression paradigma: `Statements`:idx: do not +produce a value in contrast to expressions. Call expressions are statements. +If the called procedure returns a value, it is not a valid statement +as statements do not produce values. To evaluate an expression for +side-effects and throwing its value away, one can use the ``discard`` +statement. + +Statements are separated into `simple statements`:idx: and +`complex statements`:idx:. +Simple statements are statements that cannot contain other statements, like +assignments, calls or the ``return`` statement; complex statements can +contain other statements. To avoid the `dangling else problem`:idx:, complex +statements always have to be intended:: + + simpleStmt ::= returnStmt + | yieldStmt + | discardStmt + | raiseStmt + | breakStmt + | continueStmt + | pragma + | importStmt + | fromStmt + | includeStmt + | exprStmt + complexStmt ::= ifStmt | whileStmt | caseStmt | tryStmt | forStmt + | blockStmt | asmStmt + | procDecl | iteratorDecl | macroDecl | templateDecl + | constDecl | typeDecl | whenStmt | varStmt + + + +Discard statement +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Syntax:: + + discardStmt ::= DISCARD expr + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + discard proc_call("arg1", "arg2") # discard the return value of `proc_call` + +The `discard`:idx: statement evaluates its expression for side-effects and +throws the expression's resulting value away. If the expression has no +side-effects, this generates a static error. Ignoring the return value of a +procedure without using a discard statement is not allowed. + + +Var statement +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Syntax:: + + colonOrEquals ::= COLON typeDesc [EQUALS expr] | EQUALS expr + varPart ::= (symbol ["*" | "-"] [pragma] optComma)+ colonOrEquals [COMMENT] + varStmt ::= VAR (varPart | indPush varPart (SAD varPart)* DED) + +`Var`:idx: statements declare new local and global variables and +initialize them. A comma seperated list of variables can be used to specify +variables of the same type: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + var + a: int = 0 + x, y, z: int + +If an initializer is given the type can be omitted: The variable is of the +same type as the initializing expression. Variables are always initialized +with a default value if there is no initializing expression. The default +value depends on the type and is always a zero in binary. + +============================ ============================================== +Type default value +============================ ============================================== +any integer type 0 +any float 0.0 +char '\0' +bool false +ref or pointer type nil +procedural type nil +sequence nil +string nil (**not** "") +tuple[x: A, y: B, ...] (default(A), default(B), ...) + (analogous for objects) +array[0..., T] [default(T), ...] +range[T] default(T); this may be out of the valid range +T = enum cast[T](0); this may be an invalid value +============================ ============================================== + + +Const section +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Syntax:: + + colonAndEquals ::= [COLON typeDesc] EQUALS expr + constDecl ::= CONST + indPush + symbol ["*"] [pragma] colonAndEquals + (SAD symbol ["*"] [pragma] colonAndEquals)* + DED + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + const + MyFilename = "/home/my/file.txt" + debugMode: bool = false + +The `const`:idx: section declares symbolic constants. A symbolic constant is +a name for a constant expression. Symbolic constants only allow read-access. + + +If statement +~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Syntax:: + + ifStmt ::= IF expr COLON stmt (ELIF expr COLON stmt)* [ELSE COLON stmt] + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + var name = readLine(stdin) + + if name == "Andreas": + echo("What a nice name!") + elif name == "": + echo("Don't you have a name?") + else: + echo("Boring name...") + +The `if`:idx: statement is a simple way to make a branch in the control flow: +The expression after the keyword ``if`` is evaluated, if it is true +the corresponding statements after the ``:`` are executed. Otherwise +the expression after the ``elif`` is evaluated (if there is an +``elif`` branch), if it is true the corresponding statements after +the ``:`` are executed. This goes on until the last ``elif``. If all +conditions fail, the ``else`` part is executed. If there is no ``else`` +part, execution continues with the statement after the ``if`` statement. + + +Case statement +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Syntax:: + + caseStmt ::= CASE expr (OF sliceList COLON stmt)* + (ELIF expr COLON stmt)* + [ELSE COLON stmt] + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + case readline(stdin) + of "delete-everything", "restart-computer": + echo("permission denied") + of "go-for-a-walk": echo("please yourself") + else: echo("unknown command") + +The `case`:idx: statement is similar to the if statement, but it represents +a multi-branch selection. The expression after the keyword ``case`` is +evaluated and if its value is in a *vallist* the corresponding statements +(after the ``of`` keyword) are executed. If the value is no given *vallist* +the ``else`` part is executed. If there is no ``else`` part and not all +possible values that ``expr`` can hold occur in a ``vallist``, a static +error is given. This holds only for expressions of ordinal types. +If the expression is not of an ordinal type, and no ``else`` part is +given, control just passes after the ``case`` statement. + +To suppress the static error in the ordinal case the programmer needs +to write an ``else`` part with a ``nil`` statement. + + +When statement +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Syntax:: + + whenStmt ::= WHEN expr COLON stmt (ELIF expr COLON stmt)* [ELSE COLON stmt] + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + when sizeof(int) == 2: + echo("running on a 16 bit system!") + elif sizeof(int) == 4: + echo("running on a 32 bit system!") + elif sizeof(int) == 8: + echo("running on a 64 bit system!") + else: + echo("cannot happen!") + +The `when`:idx: statement is almost identical to the ``if`` statement with some +exceptions: + +* Each ``expr`` has to be a constant expression (of type ``bool``). +* The statements do not open a new scope if they introduce new identifiers. +* The statements that belong to the expression that evaluated to true are + translated by the compiler, the other statements are not checked for + syntax or semantics at all! This holds also for any ``expr`` coming + after the expression that evaluated to true. + +The ``when`` statement enables conditional compilation techniques. As +a special syntatic extension, the ``when`` construct is also available +within ``object`` definitions. + + +Raise statement +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Syntax:: + + raiseStmt ::= RAISE [expr] + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + raise EOS("operating system failed") + +Apart from built-in operations like array indexing, memory allocation, etc. +the ``raise`` statement is the only way to raise an exception. The +identifier has to be the name of a previously declared exception. A +comma followed by an expression may follow; the expression must be of type +``string`` or ``cstring``; this is an error message that can be extracted +with the `getCurrentExceptionMsg`:idx: procedure in the module ``system``. + +If no exception name is given, the current exception is `re-raised`:idx:. The +`ENoExceptionToReraise`:idx: exception is raised if there is no exception to +re-raise. It follows that the ``raise`` statement *always* raises an +exception. + + +Try statement +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Syntax:: + + exceptList ::= (qualifiedIdent optComma)* + tryStmt ::= TRY COLON stmt + (EXCEPT exceptList COLON stmt)* + [FINALLY COLON stmt] + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + # read the first two lines of a text file that should contain numbers + # and tries to add them + var + f: TFile + if openFile(f, "numbers.txt"): + try: + var a = readLine(f) + var b = readLine(f) + echo("sum: " & $(parseInt(a) + parseInt(b))) + except EOverflow: + echo("overflow!") + except EInvalidValue: + echo("could not convert string to integer") + except EIO: + echo("IO error!") + finally: + closeFile(f) + +The statements after the `try`:idx: are executed in sequential order unless +an exception ``e`` is raised. If the exception type of ``e`` matches any +of the list ``exceptlist`` the corresponding statements are executed. +The statements following the ``except`` clauses are called +`exception handlers`:idx:. + +The empty `except`:idx: clause is executed if there is an exception that is +in no list. It is similiar to an ``else`` clause in ``if`` statements. + +If there is a `finally`:idx: clause, it is always executed after the +exception handlers. + +The exception is *consumed* in an exception handler. However, an +exception handler may raise another exception. If the exception is not +handled, it is propagated through the call stack. This means that often +the rest of the procedure - that is not within a ``finally`` clause - +is not executed (if an exception occurs). + + +Return statement +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Syntax:: + + returnStmt ::= RETURN [expr] + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + return 40+2 + +The `return`:idx: statement ends the execution of the current procedure. +It is only allowed in procedures. If there is an ``expr``, this is syntactic +sugar for: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + result = expr + return + +The `result`:idx: variable is always the return value of the procedure. It is +automatically declared by the compiler. + + +Yield statement +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Syntax:: + + yieldStmt ::= YIELD expr + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + yield (1, 2, 3) + +The `yield`:idx: statement is used instead of the ``return`` statement in +iterators. It is only valid in iterators. Execution is returned to the body +of the for loop that called the iterator. Yield does not end the iteration +process, but execution is passed back to the iterator if the next iteration +starts. See the section about iterators (`Iterators and the for statement`_) +for further information. + + +Block statement +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Syntax:: + + blockStmt ::= BLOCK [symbol] COLON stmt + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + var found = false + block myblock: + for i in 0..3: + for j in 0..3: + if a[j][i] == 7: + found = true + break myblock # leave the block, in this case both for-loops + echo(found) + +The block statement is a means to group statements to a (named) `block`:idx:. +Inside the block, the ``break`` statement is allowed to leave the block +immediately. A ``break`` statement can contain a name of a surrounding +block to specify which block is to leave. + + +Break statement +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Syntax:: + + breakStmt ::= BREAK [symbol] + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + break + +The `break`:idx: statement is used to leave a block immediately. If ``symbol`` +is given, it is the name of the enclosing block that is to leave. If it is +absent, the innermost block is leaved. + + +While statement +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Syntax:: + + whileStmt ::= WHILE expr COLON stmt + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + echo("Please tell me your password: \n") + var pw = readLine(stdin) + while pw != "12345": + echo("Wrong password! Next try: \n") + pw = readLine(stdin) + + +The `while`:idx: statement is executed until the ``expr`` evaluates to false. +Endless loops are no error. ``while`` statements open an `implicit block`, +so that they can be leaved with a ``break`` statement. + + +Continue statement +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Syntax:: + + continueStmt ::= CONTINUE + +A `continue`:idx: statement leads to the immediate next iteration of the +surrounding loop construct. It is only allowed within a loop. A continue +statement is syntactic sugar for a nested block: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + while expr1: + stmt1 + continue + stmt2 + + # is equivalent to: + while expr1: + block myBlockName: + stmt1 + break myBlockName + stmt2 + + +Assembler statement +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Syntax:: + + asmStmt ::= ASM [pragma] (STR_LIT | RSTR_LIT | TRIPLESTR_LIT) + +The direct embedding of `assembler`:idx: code into Nimrod code is supported +by the unsafe ``asm`` statement. Identifiers in the assembler code that refer to +Nimrod identifiers shall be enclosed in a special character which can be +specified in the statement's pragmas. The default special character is ``'`'``. + + +Procedures +~~~~~~~~~~ +What most programming languages call `methods`:idx: or `funtions`:idx: are +called `procedures`:idx: in Nimrod (which is the correct terminology). A +procedure declaration defines an identifier and associates it with a block +of code. A procedure may call itself recursively. The syntax is:: + + paramList ::= [PAR_LE ((symbol optComma)+ COLON typeDesc optComma)* PAR_RI] + [COLON typeDesc] + genericParams ::= BRACKET_LE (symbol [EQUALS typeDesc] )* BRACKET_RI + + procDecl ::= PROC symbol ["*"] [genericParams] paramList [pragma] + [EQUALS stmt] + +If the ``EQUALS stms`` part is missing, it is a `forward`:idx: declaration. If +the proc returns a value, the procedure body can access an implicit declared +variable named `result`:idx: that represents the return value. Procs can be +overloaded. The overloading resolution algorithm tries to find the proc that is +the best match for the arguments. A parameter may be given a default value that +is used if the caller does not provide a value for this parameter. Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + + proc toLower(c: Char): Char = # toLower for characters + if c in {'A'..'Z'}: + result = chr(ord(c) + (ord('a') - ord('A'))) + else: + result = c + + proc toLower(s: string): string = # toLower for strings + result = newString(len(s)) + for i in 0..len(s) - 1: + result[i] = toLower(s[i]) # calls toLower for characters; no recursion! + +`Operators`:idx: are procedures with a special operator symbol as identifier: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + proc `$` (x: int): string = # converts an integer to a string; + # since it has one parameter this is a prefix + # operator. With two parameters it would be + # an infix operator. + return intToStr(x) + +Calling a procedure can be done in many different ways: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + proc callme(x, y: int, s: string = "", c: char, b: bool = false) = ... + + # call with positional arguments# parameter bindings: + callme(0, 1, "abc", '\t', true) # (x=0, y=1, s="abc", c='\t', b=true) + # call with named and positional arguments: + callme(y=1, x=0, "abd", '\t') # (x=0, y=1, s="abd", c='\t', b=false) + # call with named arguments (order is not relevant): + callme(c='\t', y=1, x=0) # (x=0, y=1, s="", c='\t', b=false) + # call as a command statement: no () or , needed: + callme 0 1 "abc" '\t' + + +Iterators and the for statement +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Syntax:: + + forStmt ::= FOR (symbol optComma)+ IN expr [DOTDOT expr] COLON stmt + + paramList ::= [PAR_LE ((symbol optComma)+ COLON typeDesc optComma)* PAR_RI] + [COLON typeDesc] + genericParams ::= BRACKET_LE (symbol [EQUALS typeDesc] )* BRACKET_RI + + iteratorDecl ::= ITERATOR symbol ["*"] [genericParams] paramList [pragma] + [EQUALS stmt] + +The `for`:idx: statement is an abstract mechanism to iterate over the elements +of a container. It relies on an `iterator`:idx: to do so. Like ``while`` +statements, ``for`` statements open an `implicit block`:idx:, so that they +can be leaved with a ``break`` statement. The ``for`` loop declares +iteration variables (``x`` in the example) - their scope reaches until the +end of the loop body. The iteration variables' types are inferred by the +return type of the iterator. + +An iterator is similar to a procedure, except that it is always called in the +context of a ``for`` loop. Iterators provide a way to specify the iteration over +an abstract type. A key role in the execution of a ``for`` loop plays the +``yield`` statement in the called iterator. Whenever a ``yield`` statement is +reached the data is bound to the ``for`` loop variables and control continues +in the body of the ``for`` loop. The iterator's local variables and execution +state are automatically saved between calls. Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + # this definition exists in the system module + iterator items*(a: string): char {.inline.} = + var i = 0 + while i < len(a): + yield a[i] + inc(i) + + for ch in items("hello world"): # `ch` is an iteration variable + echo(ch) + +The compiler generates code as if the programmer would have written this: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + var i = 0 + while i < len(a): + var ch = a[i] + echo(ch) + inc(i) + +The current implementation always inlines the iterator code leading to zero +overhead for the abstraction. But this may increase the code size. Later +versions of the compiler will only inline iterators which have the calling +convention ``inline``. + +If the iterator yields a tuple, there have to be as many iteration variables +as there are components in the tuple. The i'th iteration variable's type is +the one of the i'th component. + + +Type sections +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Syntax:: + + typeDef ::= typeDesc | objectDef | enumDef + genericParams ::= BRACKET_LE (symbol [EQUALS typeDesc] )* BRACKET_RI + + typeDecl ::= TYPE + indPush + symbol ["*"] [genericParams] [EQUALS typeDef] + (SAD symbol ["*"] [genericParams] [EQUALS typeDef])* + DED + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + type # example demonstrates mutually recursive types + PNode = ref TNode # a traced pointer to a TNode + TNode = object + le, ri: PNode # left and right subtrees + sym: ref TSym # leaves contain a reference to a TSym + + TSym = object # a symbol + name: string # the symbol's name + line: int # the line the symbol was declared in + code: PNode # the symbol's abstract syntax tree + +A `type`:idx: section begins with the ``type`` keyword. It contains multiple +type definitions. A type definition binds a type to a name. Type definitions +can be recursive or even mutually recursive. Mutually Recursive types are only +possible within a single ``type`` section. + + +Generics +~~~~~~~~ + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + type + TBinaryTree[T] = object # TBinaryTree is a generic type with + # with generic param ``T`` + le, ri: ref TBinaryTree[T] # left and right subtrees; may be nil + data: T # the data stored in a node + PBinaryTree[T] = ref TBinaryTree[T] # a shorthand for notational convenience + + proc newNode[T](data: T): PBinaryTree[T] = # constructor for a node + new(result) + result.dat = data + + proc add[T](root: var PBinaryTree[T], n: PBinaryTree[T]) = + if root == nil: + root = n + else: + var it = root + while it != nil: + var c = cmp(it.data, n.data) # compare the data items; uses + # the generic ``cmd`` proc that works for + # any type that has a ``==`` and ``<`` + # operator + if c < 0: + if it.le == nil: + it.le = n + return + it = it.le + else: + if it.ri == nil: + it.ri = n + return + it = it.ri + + iterator inorder[T](root: PBinaryTree[T]): T = + # inorder traversal of a binary tree + # recursive iterators are not yet implemented, so this does not work in + # the current compiler! + if root.le != nil: + yield inorder(root.le) + yield root.data + if root.ri != nil: + yield inorder(root.ri) + + var + root: PBinaryTree[string] # instantiate a PBinaryTree with the type string + add(root, newNode("hallo")) # instantiates generic procs ``newNode`` and + add(root, newNode("world")) # ``add`` + for str in inorder(root): + writeln(stdout, str) + +`Generics`:idx: are Nimrod's means to parametrize procs, iterators or types with +`type parameters`:idx:. Depending on context, the brackets are used either to +introduce type parameters or to instantiate a generic proc, iterator or type. + + +Templates +~~~~~~~~~ + +A `template`:idx: is a simple form of a macro. It operates on parse trees and is +processed in the semantic pass of the compiler. So they integrate well with the +rest of the language and share none of C's preprocessor macros flaws. However, +they may lead to code that is harder to understand and maintain. So one ought +to use them sparingly. The usage of ordinary procs, iterators or generics is +preferred to the usage of templates. + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + template `!=` (a, b: expr): expr = + # this definition exists in the System module + not (a == b) + + writeln(5 != 6) # the compiler rewrites that to: writeln(not (5 == 6)) + + +Macros +~~~~~~ + +`Macros`:idx: are the most powerful feature of Nimrod. They should be used +only to implement `domain specific languages`:idx:. They may lead to code +that is harder to understand and maintain. So one ought to use them sparingly. +The usage of ordinary procs, iterators or generics is preferred to the usage of +macros. + + +Modules +------- +Nimrod supports splitting a program into pieces by a `module`:idx: concept. +Modules make separate compilation possible. Each module needs to be in its +own file. Modules enable `information hiding`:idx: and +`separate compilation`:idx:. A module may gain access to symbols of another +module by the `import`:idx: statement. `Recursive module dependancies`:idx: are +allowed, but slightly subtle. Only top-level symbols that are marked with an +asterisk (``*``) are exported. + +The algorithm for compiling modules is: + +- Compile the whole module as usual, following import statements recursively +- if we have a cycle only import the already parsed symbols (that are + exported); if an unknown identifier occurs then abort + +This is best illustrated by an example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + # Module A + type + T1* = int + import B # the compiler starts parsing B + + proc main() = + var i = p(3) # works because B has been parsed completely here + + main() + + + # Module B + import A # A is not parsed here! Only the already known symbols + # of A are imported here. + + proc p*(x: A.T1): A.T1 # this works because the compiler has already + # added T1 to A's interface symbol table + + proc p(x: A.T1): A.T1 = return x + 1 + + +Scope rules +----------- +Identifiers are valid from the point of their declaration until the end of +the block in which the declaration occurred. The range where the identifier +is known is the `scope`:idx: of the identifier. The exact scope of an +identifier depends on the way it was declared. + +Block scope +~~~~~~~~~~~ +The *scope* of a variable declared in the declaration part of a block +is valid from the point of declaration until the end of the block. If a +block contains a second block, in which the identifier is redeclared, +then inside this block, the second declaration will be valid. Upon +leaving the inner block, the first declaration is valid again. An +identifier cannot be redefined in the same block, except if valid for +procedure or iterator overloading purposes. + + +Tuple or object scope +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The field identifiers inside a tuple or object definition are valid in the +following places: + +* To the end of the tuple/object definition +* Field designators of a variable of the given tuple/object type. +* In all descendent types of the object type. + +Module scope +~~~~~~~~~~~~ +All identifiers in the interface part of a module are valid from the point of +declaration, until the end of the module. Furthermore, the identifiers are +known in other modules that import the module. Identifiers from indirectly +dependent modules are *not* available. The `system`:idx: module is automatically +imported in all other modules. + +If a module imports an identifier by two different modules, +each occurance of the identifier has to be qualified, unless it is an +overloaded procedure or iterator in which case the overloading +resolution takes place: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + # Module A + var x*: string + + # Module B + var x*: int + + # Module C + import A, B + write(stdout, x) # error: x is ambigious + write(sdtout, A.x) # no error: qualifier used + + var x = 4 + write(stdout, x) # not ambigious: uses the module C's x + + +Messages +======== + +The Nimrod compiler emits different kinds of messages: `hint`:idx:, +`warning`:idx:, and `error`:idx: messages. An *error* message is emitted if +the compiler encounters any static error. + +Pragmas +======= + +Syntax:: + + pragma ::= CURLYDOT_LE (expr [COLON expr] optComma)+ (CURLYDOT_RI | CURLY_RI) + +Pragmas are Nimrod's method to give the compiler additional information/ +commands without introducing a massive number of new keywords. Pragmas are +processed on the fly during parsing. Pragmas are always enclosed in the +special ``{.`` and ``.}`` curly brackets. + + +define pragma +------------- +The `define`:idx: pragma defines a conditional symbol. This symbol may only be +used in other pragmas and in the ``defined`` expression and not in ordinary +Nimrod source code. The conditional symbols go into a special symbol table. +The compiler defines the target processor and the target operating +system as conditional symbols. + + +undef pragma +------------ +The `undef`:idx: pragma the counterpart to the define pragma. It undefines a +conditional symbol. + + +error pragma +------------ +The `error`:idx: pragma is used to make the compiler output an error message +with the given content. Compilation currently aborts after an error, but this +may be changed in later versions. + + +fatal pragma +------------ +The `fatal`:idx: pragma is used to make the compiler output an error message +with the given content. In contrast to the ``error`` pragma, compilation +is guaranteed to be aborted by this pragma. + +warning pragma +-------------- +The `warning`:idx: pragma is used to make the compiler output a warning message +with the given content. Compilation continues after the warning. + +hint pragma +----------- +The `hint`:idx: pragma is used to make the compiler output a hint message with +the given content. Compilation continues after the hint. + + +compilation option pragmas +-------------------------- +The listed pragmas here can be used to override the code generation options +for a section of code. +:: + + "{." pragma: val {pragma: val} ".}" + + +The implementation currently provides the following possible options (later +various others may be added). + +=============== =============== ============================================ +pragma allowed values description +=============== =============== ============================================ +checks on|off Turns the code generation for all runtime + checks on or off. +bound_checks on|off Turns the code generation for array bound + checks on or off. +overflow_checks on|off Turns the code generation for over- or + underflow checks on or off. +nil_checks on|off Turns the code generation for nil pointer + checks on or off. +assertions on|off Turns the code generation for assertions + on or off. +warnings on|off Turns the warning messages of the compiler + on or off. +hints on|off Turns the hint messages of the compiler + on or off. +optimization none|speed|size Optimize the code for speed or size, or + disable optimization. For non-optimizing + compilers this option has no effect. + Neverless they must parse it properly. +callconv cdecl|... Specifies the default calling convention for + all procedures (and procedure types) that + follow. +=============== =============== ============================================ + +Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + {.checks: off, optimization: speed.} + # compile without runtime checks and optimize for speed + + +push and pop pragmas +-------------------- +The `push/pop`:idx: pragmas are very similar to the option directive, +but are used to override the settings temporarily. Example: + +.. code-block:: nimrod + {.push checks: off.} + # compile this section without runtime checks as it is + # speed critical + # ... some code ... + {.pop.} # restore old settings diff --git a/doc/nimrodc.txt b/doc/nimrodc.txt index 72e2d205f..e49dfacb6 100644 --- a/doc/nimrodc.txt +++ b/doc/nimrodc.txt @@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ the C code. Thus it makes the following possible, for example: .. code-block:: Nimrod var - EOF {.import: "EOF", no_decl.}: cint # pretend EOF was a variable, as - # Nimrod does not know its value + EOF {.importc: "EOF", no_decl.}: cint # pretend EOF was a variable, as + # Nimrod does not know its value Varargs Pragma ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ declared but also that it leads to the inclusion of a given header file: .. code-block:: Nimrod type - PFile {.import: "FILE*", header: "<stdio.h>".} = pointer + PFile {.importc: "FILE*", header: "<stdio.h>".} = pointer # import C's FILE* type; Nimrod will treat it as a new pointer type The ``header`` pragma expects always a string constant. The string contant @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ is raised. Debugger Option ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The `debugger`:idx: option enables or disables the *Embedded Nimrod Debugger*. +The `debugger`:idx: option enables or disables the *Embedded Nimrod Debugger*. See the documentation of endb_ for further information. @@ -239,3 +239,28 @@ However it is not efficient to do: String case statements are optimized too. A hashing scheme is used for them if several different string constants are used. This is likely to be more efficient than any hand-coded scheme. + + +The ECMAScript code generator +============================= + +Note: I use the term `ECMAScript`:idx: here instead of `JavaScript`:idx:, since +it is the proper term. + +Nimrod targets ECMAScript 1.5 which is supported by any widely used browser. +Since ECMAScript does not have a portable means to include another module, +Nimrod just generate a long ``.js`` file. + +Features or modules that the ECMAScript platform does not support are not +available. This includes: + +* manual memory management (``alloc``, etc.) +* casting and other unsafe operations (``cast`` operator, ``zeroMem``, etc.) +* file management (``openfile``, etc.) +* most modules of the Standard library +* proper 64 bit integer arithmetic +* proper unsigned integer arithmetic + +However, the modules `strutils`:idx:, `math`:idx:, and `times`:idx: are +available! To access the DOM, use the `dom`:idx: module that is only available +for the ECMAScript platform. diff --git a/doc/posix.txt b/doc/posix.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e71b08f53..000000000 --- a/doc/posix.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,220 +0,0 @@ -Function POSIX Description -access Tests for file accessibility -alarm Schedules an alarm -asctime Converts a time structure to a string -cfgetispeed Reads terminal input baud rate -cfgetospeed Reads terminal output baud rate -cfsetispeed Sets terminal input baud rate -cfsetospeed Sets terminal output baud rate -chdir Changes current working directory -chmod Changes file mode -chown Changes owner and/or group of a file -close Closes a file -closedir Ends directory read operation -creat Creates a new file or rewrites an existing one -ctermid Generates terminal pathname -cuserid Gets user name -dup Duplicates an open file descriptor -dup2 Duplicates an open file descriptor -execl Executes a file -execle Executes a file -execlp Executes a file -execv Executes a file -execve Executes a file -execvp Executes a file -_exit Terminates a process -fcntl Manipulates an open file descriptor -fdopen Opens a stream on a file descriptor -fork Creates a process -fpathconf Gets configuration variable for an open file -fstat Gets file status -getcwd Gets current working directory -getegid Gets effective group ID -getenv Gets environment variable -geteuid Gets effective user ID -getgid Gets real group ID -getgrgid Reads groups database based on group ID -getgrnam Reads groups database based on group name -getgroups Gets supplementary group IDs -getlogin Gets user name -getpgrp Gets process group ID -getpid Gets process ID -getppid Gets parent process ID -getpwnam Reads user database based on user name -getpwuid Reads user database based on user ID -getuid Gets real user ID -isatty Determines if a file descriptor is associated with a terminal -kill Sends a kill signal to a process -link Creates a link to a file -longjmp Restores the calling environment -lseek Repositions read/write file offset -mkdir Makes a directory -mkfifo Makes a FIFO special file -open Opens a file -opendir Opens a directory -pathconf Gets configuration variables for a path -pause Suspends a process execution -pipe Creates an interprocess channel -read Reads from a file -readdir Reads a directory -rename Renames a file -rewinddir Resets the readdir() pointer -rmdir Removes a directory -setgid Sets group ID -setjmp Saves the calling environment for use by longjmp() -setlocale Sets or queries a program's locale -setpgid Sets a process group ID for job control -setuid Sets the user ID -sigaction Examines and changes signal action -sigaddset Adds a signal to a signal set -sigdelset Removes a signal to a signal set -sigemptyset Creates an empty signal set -sigfillset Creates a full set of signals -sigismember Tests a signal for a selected member -siglongjmp Goes to and restores signal mask -sigpending Examines pending signals -sigprocmask Examines and changes blocked signals -sigsetjmp Saves state for siglongjmp() -sigsuspend Waits for a signal -sleep Delays process execution -stat Gets information about a file -sysconf Gets system configuration information -tcdrain Waits for all output to be transmitted to the terminal -tcflow Suspends/restarts terminal output -tcflush Discards terminal data -tcgetattr Gets terminal attributes -tcgetpgrp Gets foreground process group ID -tcsendbreak Sends a break to a terminal -tcsetattr Sets terminal attributes -tcsetpgrp Sets foreground process group ID -time Determines the current calendar time -times Gets process times -ttyname Determines a terminal pathname -tzset Sets the timezone from environment variables -umask Sets the file creation mask -uname Gets system name -unlink Removes a directory entry -utime Sets file access and modification times -waitpid Waits for process termination -write Writes to a file - - -POSIX.1b function calls Function POSIX Description -aio_cancel Tries to cancel an asynchronous operation -aio_error Retrieves the error status for an asynchronous operation -aio_read Asynchronously reads from a file -aio_return Retrieves the return status for an asynchronous operation -aio_suspend Waits for an asynchronous operation to complete -aio_write Asynchronously writes to a file -clock_getres Gets resolution of a POSIX.1b clock -clock_gettime Gets the time according to a particular POSIX.1b clock -clock_settime Sets the time according to a particular POSIX.1b clock -fdatasync Synchronizes at least the data part of a file with the underlying media -fsync Synchronizes a file with the underlying media -kill, sigqueue Sends signals to a process -lio_listio Performs a list of I/O operations, synchronously or asynchronously -mlock Locks a range of memory -mlockall Locks the entire memory space down -mmap Maps a shared memory object (or possibly another file) into process's address space -mprotect Changes memory protection on a mapped area -mq_close Terminates access to a POSIX.1b message queue -mq_getattr Gets POSIX.1b message queue attributes -mq_notify Registers a request to be notified when a message arrives on an empty message queue -mq_open Creates/accesses a POSIX.1b message queue -mq_receive Receives a message from a POSIX.1b message queue -mq_send Sends a message on a POSIX.1b message queue -mq_setattr Sets a subset of POSIX.1b message queue attributes -msync Makes a mapping consistent with the underlying object -munlock Unlocks a range of memory -munlockall Unlocks the entire address space -munmap Undo mapping established by mmap -nanosleep Pauses execution for a number of nanoseconds -sched_get_priority_max Gets maximum priority value for a scheduler -sched_get_priority_min Gets minimum priority value for a scheduler -sched_getparam Retrieves scheduling parameters for a particular process -sched_getscheduler Retrieves scheduling algorithm for a particular purpose -sched_rr_get_interval Gets the SCHED_RR interval for the named process -sched_setparam Sets scheduling parameters for a process -sched_setscheduler Sets scheduling algorithm/parameters for a process -sched_yield Yields the processor -sem_close Terminates access to a POSIX.1b semaphore -sem_destroy De-initializes a POSIX.1b unnamed semaphore -sem_getvalue Gets the value of a POSIX.1b semaphore -sem_open Creates/accesses a POSIX.1b named semaphore -sem_post Posts (signal) a POSIX.1b named or unnamed semaphore -sem_unlink Destroys a POSIX.1b named semaphore -sem_wait, sem_trywait Waits on a POSIX.1b named or unnamed semaphore -shm_open Creates/accesses a POSIX.1b shared memory object -shm_unlink Destroys a POSIX.1b shared memory object -sigwaitinfosigtimedwait Synchronously awaits signal arrival; avoid calling handler -timer_create Creates a POSIX.1b timer based on a particular clock -timer_delete Deletes a POSIX.1b timer -timer_gettime Time remaining on a POSIX.1b timer before expiration -timer_settime Sets expiration time/interval for a POSIX.1b timer -wait, waitpid Retrieves status of a terminated process and clean up corpse - - -POSIX.1c function calls Function POSIX Description -pthread_atfork Declares procedures to be called before and after a fork -pthread_attr_destroy Destroys a thread attribute object -pthread_attr_getdetachstate Obtains the setting of the detached state of a thread -pthread_attr_getinheritsched Obtains the setting of the scheduling inheritance of a thread -pthread_attr_getschedparam Obtains the parameters associated with the scheduling policy attribute of a thread -pthread_attr_getschedpolicy Obtains the setting of the scheduling policy of a thread -pthread_attr_getscope Obtains the setting of the scheduling scope of a thread -pthread_attr_getstackaddr Obtains the stack address of a thread -pthread_attr_getstacksize Obtains the stack size of a thread -pthread_attr_init Initializes a thread attribute object -pthread_attr_setdetachstate Adjusts the detached state of a thread -pthread_attr_setinheritsched Adjusts the scheduling inheritance of a thread -pthread_attr_setschedparam Adjusts the parameters associated with the scheduling policy of a thread -pthread_attr_setschedpolicy Adjusts the scheduling policy of a thread -pthread_attr_setscope Adjusts the scheduling scope of a thread -pthread_attr_setstackaddr Adjusts the stack address of a thread -pthread_attr_setstacksize Adjusts the stack size of a thread -pthread_cancel Cancels the specific thread -pthread_cleanup_pop Removes the routine from the top of a thread's cleanup stack, and if execute is nonzero, runs it -pthread_cleanup_push Places a routine on the top of a thread's cleanup stack -pthread_condattr_destroy Destroys a condition variable attribute object -pthread_condattr_getpshared Obtains the process-shared setting of a condition variable attribute object -pthread_condattr_init Initializes a condition variable attribute object -pthread_condattr_setpshared Sets the process-shared attribute in a condition variable attribute object to either PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED or PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE -pthread_cond_broadcast Unblocks all threads that are waiting on a condition variable -pthread_cond_destroy Destroys a condition variable -pthread_cond_init Initializes a condition variable with the attributes specified in the specified condition variable attribute object -pthread_cond_signal Unblocks at least one thread waiting on a condition variable -pthread_cond_timedwait Automatically unlocks the specified mutex, and places the calling thread into a wait state -pthread_cond_wait Automatically unlocks the specified mutex, and places the calling thread into a wait state -pthread_create Creates a thread with the attributes specified in attr -pthread_detach Marks a threads internal data structures for deletion -pthread_equal Compares one thread handle to another thread handle -pthread_exit Terminates the calling thread -pthread_getschedparam Obtains both scheduling policy and scheduling parameters of an existing thread -pthread_getspecific Obtains the thread specific data value associated with the specific key in the calling thread -pthread_join Causes the calling thread to wait for the specific thread’s termination -pthread_key_create Generates a unique thread-specific key that's visible to all threads in a process -pthread_key_delete Deletes a thread specific key -pthread_kill Delivers a signal to the specified thread -pthread_mutexattr_destroy Destroys a mutex attribute object -pthread_mutexattr_getprioceiling Obtains the priority ceiling of a mutex attribute object -pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol Obtains protocol of a mutex attribute object -pthread_mutexattr_getpshared Obtains a process-shared setting of a mutex attribute object -pthread_mutexattr_init Initializes a mutex attribute object -pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling Sets the priority ceiling attribute of a mutex attribute object -pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol Sets the protocol attribute of a mutex attribute object -pthread_mutexattr_setpshared Sets the process-shared attribute of a mutex attribute object to either PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED or PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE -pthread_mutex_destroy Destroys a mutex -pthread_mutex_init Initializes a mutex with the attributes specified in the specified mutex attribute object -pthread_mutex_lock Locks an unlocked mutex -pthread_mutex_trylock Tries to lock a not tested -pthread_mutex_unlock Unlocks a mutex -pthread_once Ensures that init_routine will run just once regardless of how many threads in the process call it -pthread_self Obtains a thread handle of a calling thread -pthread_setcancelstate Sets a thread's cancelability state -pthread_setcanceltype Sets a thread's cancelability type -pthread_setschedparam Adjusts the scheduling policy and scheduling parameters of an existing thread -pthread_setspecific Sets the thread-specific data value associated with the specific key in the calling thread -pthread_sigmask Examines or changes the calling thread's signal mask -pthread_testcancel Requests that any pending cancellation request be delivered to the calling thread - - diff --git a/doc/readme.txt b/doc/readme.txt index 02d7477d4..7f509bd39 100644 --- a/doc/readme.txt +++ b/doc/readme.txt @@ -4,8 +4,4 @@ Nimrod's documenation system This folder contains Nimrod's documentation. The documentation is written in a format called *reStructuredText*, a markup language that reads -like ASCII and can be converted to HTML, Tex and other formats automatically! - -Unfortunately reStructuredText does not allow to colorize source code in the -HTML page. Therefore a postprocessor runs over the generated HTML code, looking -for Nimrod code fragments and colorizing them. +like ASCII and can be converted to HTML automatically! diff --git a/doc/regexprs.txt b/doc/regexprs.txt index 572a39260..930352948 100644 --- a/doc/regexprs.txt +++ b/doc/regexprs.txt @@ -272,25 +272,3 @@ end of the subject string, whatever options are set. The difference between ``\Z`` and ``\z`` is that ``\Z`` matches before a newline that is the last character of the string as well as at the end of the string, whereas ``\z`` matches only at the end. - -.. - Regular expressions in Nimrod itself! - ------------------------------------- - - 'a' -- matches the character a - 'a'-'z' -- range operator '-' - 'A' | 'B' -- alternative operator | - * 'a' -- prefix * is needed - + 'a' -- prefix + is needed - ? 'a' -- prefix ? is needed - letter -- character classes with real names! - letters - white - whites - any -- any character - () -- are Nimrod syntax - ! 'a'-'z' - - -- concatentation via proc call: - - re('A' 'Z' word * ) diff --git a/doc/theindex.txt b/doc/theindex.txt index c681f21ed..0c0e621e7 100644 --- a/doc/theindex.txt +++ b/doc/theindex.txt @@ -10,33 +10,34 @@ Index `system.html#235 <system.html#235>`_ `$`:idx: - * `system.html#326 <system.html#326>`_ - * `system.html#327 <system.html#327>`_ * `system.html#328 <system.html#328>`_ * `system.html#329 <system.html#329>`_ * `system.html#330 <system.html#330>`_ * `system.html#331 <system.html#331>`_ * `system.html#332 <system.html#332>`_ + * `system.html#333 <system.html#333>`_ + * `system.html#334 <system.html#334>`_ * `times.html#109 <times.html#109>`_ * `times.html#110 <times.html#110>`_ `%`:idx: - * `strutils.html#128 <strutils.html#128>`_ * `strutils.html#129 <strutils.html#129>`_ + * `strutils.html#130 <strutils.html#130>`_ + * `strtabs.html#112 <strtabs.html#112>`_ `%%`:idx: - * `system.html#318 <system.html#318>`_ - * `system.html#319 <system.html#319>`_ + * `system.html#320 <system.html#320>`_ + * `system.html#321 <system.html#321>`_ `&`:idx: * `system.html#245 <system.html#245>`_ * `system.html#246 <system.html#246>`_ * `system.html#247 <system.html#247>`_ * `system.html#248 <system.html#248>`_ - * `system.html#349 <system.html#349>`_ - * `system.html#350 <system.html#350>`_ - * `system.html#351 <system.html#351>`_ - * `system.html#352 <system.html#352>`_ + * `system.html#358 <system.html#358>`_ + * `system.html#359 <system.html#359>`_ + * `system.html#360 <system.html#360>`_ + * `system.html#361 <system.html#361>`_ `*`:idx: * `system.html#159 <system.html#159>`_ @@ -46,8 +47,8 @@ Index * `complex.html#107 <complex.html#107>`_ `*%`:idx: - * `system.html#314 <system.html#314>`_ - * `system.html#315 <system.html#315>`_ + * `system.html#316 <system.html#316>`_ + * `system.html#317 <system.html#317>`_ `+`:idx: * `system.html#154 <system.html#154>`_ @@ -60,8 +61,8 @@ Index * `complex.html#103 <complex.html#103>`_ `+%`:idx: - * `system.html#310 <system.html#310>`_ - * `system.html#311 <system.html#311>`_ + * `system.html#312 <system.html#312>`_ + * `system.html#313 <system.html#313>`_ `-`:idx: * `system.html#155 <system.html#155>`_ @@ -76,8 +77,8 @@ Index * `times.html#113 <times.html#113>`_ `-%`:idx: - * `system.html#312 <system.html#312>`_ - * `system.html#313 <system.html#313>`_ + * `system.html#314 <system.html#314>`_ + * `system.html#315 <system.html#315>`_ `-+-`:idx: `system.html#210 <system.html#210>`_ @@ -88,8 +89,8 @@ Index * `complex.html#106 <complex.html#106>`_ `/%`:idx: - * `system.html#316 <system.html#316>`_ - * `system.html#317 <system.html#317>`_ + * `system.html#318 <system.html#318>`_ + * `system.html#319 <system.html#319>`_ `/../`:idx: `os.html#121 <os.html#121>`_ @@ -108,8 +109,8 @@ Index * `system.html#234 <system.html#234>`_ `<%`:idx: - * `system.html#322 <system.html#322>`_ - * `system.html#323 <system.html#323>`_ + * `system.html#324 <system.html#324>`_ + * `system.html#325 <system.html#325>`_ `<=`:idx: * `system.html#168 <system.html#168>`_ @@ -124,8 +125,8 @@ Index * `system.html#226 <system.html#226>`_ `<=%`:idx: - * `system.html#320 <system.html#320>`_ - * `system.html#321 <system.html#321>`_ + * `system.html#322 <system.html#322>`_ + * `system.html#323 <system.html#323>`_ `==`:idx: * `system.html#167 <system.html#167>`_ @@ -140,30 +141,96 @@ Index * `system.html#217 <system.html#217>`_ * `system.html#218 <system.html#218>`_ * `system.html#219 <system.html#219>`_ - * `system.html#353 <system.html#353>`_ + * `system.html#363 <system.html#363>`_ * `complex.html#102 <complex.html#102>`_ `>`:idx: `system.html#237 <system.html#237>`_ `>%`:idx: - `system.html#325 <system.html#325>`_ + `system.html#327 <system.html#327>`_ `>=`:idx: `system.html#236 <system.html#236>`_ `>=%`:idx: - `system.html#324 <system.html#324>`_ + `system.html#326 <system.html#326>`_ + + `[]`:idx: + `strtabs.html#107 <strtabs.html#107>`_ + + `[]=`:idx: + `strtabs.html#106 <strtabs.html#106>`_ `[ESC]`:idx: `manual.html#134 <manual.html#134>`_ + `ABDAY_1`:idx: + `posix.html#400 <posix.html#400>`_ + + `ABDAY_2`:idx: + `posix.html#401 <posix.html#401>`_ + + `ABDAY_3`:idx: + `posix.html#402 <posix.html#402>`_ + + `ABDAY_4`:idx: + `posix.html#403 <posix.html#403>`_ + + `ABDAY_5`:idx: + `posix.html#404 <posix.html#404>`_ + + `ABDAY_6`:idx: + `posix.html#405 <posix.html#405>`_ + + `ABDAY_7`:idx: + `posix.html#406 <posix.html#406>`_ + + `ABMON_1`:idx: + `posix.html#419 <posix.html#419>`_ + + `ABMON_10`:idx: + `posix.html#428 <posix.html#428>`_ + + `ABMON_11`:idx: + `posix.html#429 <posix.html#429>`_ + + `ABMON_12`:idx: + `posix.html#430 <posix.html#430>`_ + + `ABMON_2`:idx: + `posix.html#420 <posix.html#420>`_ + + `ABMON_3`:idx: + `posix.html#421 <posix.html#421>`_ + + `ABMON_4`:idx: + `posix.html#422 <posix.html#422>`_ + + `ABMON_5`:idx: + `posix.html#423 <posix.html#423>`_ + + `ABMON_6`:idx: + `posix.html#424 <posix.html#424>`_ + + `ABMON_7`:idx: + `posix.html#425 <posix.html#425>`_ + + `ABMON_8`:idx: + `posix.html#426 <posix.html#426>`_ + + `ABMON_9`:idx: + `posix.html#427 <posix.html#427>`_ + `abs`:idx: * `system.html#170 <system.html#170>`_ * `system.html#189 <system.html#189>`_ * `system.html#201 <system.html#201>`_ * `complex.html#108 <complex.html#108>`_ + `access`:idx: + `posix.html#959 <posix.html#959>`_ + `add`:idx: * `system.html#249 <system.html#249>`_ * `system.html#250 <system.html#250>`_ @@ -174,11 +241,44 @@ Index `addQuitProc`:idx: `system.html#287 <system.html#287>`_ + `AIO_ALLDONE`:idx: + `posix.html#204 <posix.html#204>`_ + + `aio_cancel`:idx: + `posix.html#778 <posix.html#778>`_ + + `AIO_CANCELED`:idx: + `posix.html#205 <posix.html#205>`_ + + `aio_error`:idx: + `posix.html#779 <posix.html#779>`_ + + `aio_fsync`:idx: + `posix.html#780 <posix.html#780>`_ + + `AIO_NOTCANCELED`:idx: + `posix.html#206 <posix.html#206>`_ + + `aio_read`:idx: + `posix.html#781 <posix.html#781>`_ + + `aio_return`:idx: + `posix.html#782 <posix.html#782>`_ + + `aio_suspend`:idx: + `posix.html#783 <posix.html#783>`_ + + `aio_write`:idx: + `posix.html#784 <posix.html#784>`_ + + `alarm`:idx: + `posix.html#960 <posix.html#960>`_ + `alert`:idx: `manual.html#131 <manual.html#131>`_ `allCharsInSet`:idx: - `strutils.html#133 <strutils.html#133>`_ + `strutils.html#134 <strutils.html#134>`_ `alloc`:idx: `system.html#296 <system.html#296>`_ @@ -186,9 +286,15 @@ Index `alloc0`:idx: `system.html#297 <system.html#297>`_ + `ALT_DIGITS`:idx: + `posix.html#435 <posix.html#435>`_ + `AltSep`:idx: `os.html#104 <os.html#104>`_ + `AM_STR`:idx: + `posix.html#391 <posix.html#391>`_ + `and`:idx: * `system.html#164 <system.html#164>`_ * `system.html#183 <system.html#183>`_ @@ -201,16 +307,16 @@ Index `os.html#127 <os.html#127>`_ `arccos`:idx: - `math.html#110 <math.html#110>`_ + `math.html#115 <math.html#115>`_ `arcsin`:idx: - `math.html#111 <math.html#111>`_ + `math.html#116 <math.html#116>`_ `arctan`:idx: - `math.html#112 <math.html#112>`_ + `math.html#117 <math.html#117>`_ `arctan2`:idx: - `math.html#113 <math.html#113>`_ + `math.html#118 <math.html#118>`_ `array`:idx: `system.html#108 <system.html#108>`_ @@ -218,8 +324,14 @@ Index `Arrays`:idx: `manual.html#153 <manual.html#153>`_ + `asctime`:idx: + `posix.html#1085 <posix.html#1085>`_ + + `asctime_r`:idx: + `posix.html#1086 <posix.html#1086>`_ + `assembler`:idx: - `manual.html#198 <manual.html#198>`_ + `manual.html#197 <manual.html#197>`_ `assert`:idx: `system.html#301 <system.html#301>`_ @@ -234,6 +346,9 @@ Index `backspace`:idx: `manual.html#132 <manual.html#132>`_ + `basename`:idx: + `posix.html#838 <posix.html#838>`_ + `BiggestFloat`:idx: `system.html#257 <system.html#257>`_ @@ -241,25 +356,28 @@ Index `system.html#256 <system.html#256>`_ `block`:idx: - `manual.html#194 <manual.html#194>`_ + `manual.html#193 <manual.html#193>`_ `boolean`:idx: `manual.html#147 <manual.html#147>`_ `break`:idx: - `manual.html#195 <manual.html#195>`_ + `manual.html#194 <manual.html#194>`_ `breakpoint`:idx: `endb.html#103 <endb.html#103>`_ + `bsd_signal`:idx: + `posix.html#1115 <posix.html#1115>`_ + `Byte`:idx: - `system.html#113 <system.html#113>`_ + `system.html#112 <system.html#112>`_ `C`:idx: `manual.html#136 <manual.html#136>`_ `calling conventions`:idx: - `manual.html#164 <manual.html#164>`_ + `manual.html#163 <manual.html#163>`_ `capitalize`:idx: `strutils.html#110 <strutils.html#110>`_ @@ -271,13 +389,22 @@ Index `manual.html#122 <manual.html#122>`_ `case`:idx: - `manual.html#182 <manual.html#182>`_ + `manual.html#181 <manual.html#181>`_ + + `catclose`:idx: + `posix.html#1142 <posix.html#1142>`_ + + `catgets`:idx: + `posix.html#1143 <posix.html#1143>`_ + + `catopen`:idx: + `posix.html#1144 <posix.html#1144>`_ `cchar`:idx: `system.html#258 <system.html#258>`_ `cdecl`:idx: - `manual.html#166 <manual.html#166>`_ + `manual.html#165 <manual.html#165>`_ `cdouble`:idx: `system.html#265 <system.html#265>`_ @@ -297,17 +424,131 @@ Index `character with hex value HH`:idx: `manual.html#135 <manual.html#135>`_ + `chdir`:idx: + `posix.html#961 <posix.html#961>`_ + `checked runtime error`:idx: `manual.html#110 <manual.html#110>`_ + `chmod`:idx: + `posix.html#1051 <posix.html#1051>`_ + + `ChooseDir`:idx: + `dialogs.html#108 <dialogs.html#108>`_ + + `ChooseFilesToOpen`:idx: + `dialogs.html#106 <dialogs.html#106>`_ + + `ChooseFileToOpen`:idx: + `dialogs.html#105 <dialogs.html#105>`_ + + `ChooseFileToSave`:idx: + `dialogs.html#107 <dialogs.html#107>`_ + + `chown`:idx: + `posix.html#962 <posix.html#962>`_ + `chr`:idx: `system.html#153 <system.html#153>`_ `cint`:idx: `system.html#261 <system.html#261>`_ + `C_IRGRP`:idx: + `posix.html#104 <posix.html#104>`_ + + `C_IROTH`:idx: + `posix.html#107 <posix.html#107>`_ + + `C_IRUSR`:idx: + `posix.html#101 <posix.html#101>`_ + + `C_ISBLK`:idx: + `posix.html#116 <posix.html#116>`_ + + `C_ISCHR`:idx: + `posix.html#117 <posix.html#117>`_ + + `C_ISCTG`:idx: + `posix.html#118 <posix.html#118>`_ + + `C_ISDIR`:idx: + `posix.html#113 <posix.html#113>`_ + + `C_ISFIFO`:idx: + `posix.html#114 <posix.html#114>`_ + + `C_ISGID`:idx: + `posix.html#111 <posix.html#111>`_ + + `C_ISLNK`:idx: + `posix.html#119 <posix.html#119>`_ + + `C_ISREG`:idx: + `posix.html#115 <posix.html#115>`_ + + `C_ISSOCK`:idx: + `posix.html#120 <posix.html#120>`_ + + `C_ISUID`:idx: + `posix.html#110 <posix.html#110>`_ + + `C_ISVTX`:idx: + `posix.html#112 <posix.html#112>`_ + + `C_IWGRP`:idx: + `posix.html#105 <posix.html#105>`_ + + `C_IWOTH`:idx: + `posix.html#108 <posix.html#108>`_ + + `C_IWUSR`:idx: + `posix.html#102 <posix.html#102>`_ + + `C_IXGRP`:idx: + `posix.html#106 <posix.html#106>`_ + + `C_IXOTH`:idx: + `posix.html#109 <posix.html#109>`_ + + `C_IXUSR`:idx: + `posix.html#103 <posix.html#103>`_ + `classify`:idx: - `math.html#123 <math.html#123>`_ + `math.html#102 <math.html#102>`_ + + `clock`:idx: + `posix.html#1087 <posix.html#1087>`_ + + `clock_getcpuclockid`:idx: + `posix.html#1088 <posix.html#1088>`_ + + `clock_getres`:idx: + `posix.html#1089 <posix.html#1089>`_ + + `clock_gettime`:idx: + `posix.html#1090 <posix.html#1090>`_ + + `CLOCK_MONOTONIC`:idx: + `posix.html#697 <posix.html#697>`_ + + `clock_nanosleep`:idx: + `posix.html#1091 <posix.html#1091>`_ + + `CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID`:idx: + `posix.html#693 <posix.html#693>`_ + + `CLOCK_REALTIME`:idx: + `posix.html#695 <posix.html#695>`_ + + `clock_settime`:idx: + `posix.html#1092 <posix.html#1092>`_ + + `CLOCKS_PER_SEC`:idx: + `posix.html#692 <posix.html#692>`_ + + `CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID`:idx: + `posix.html#694 <posix.html#694>`_ `clong`:idx: `system.html#262 <system.html#262>`_ @@ -318,11 +559,18 @@ Index `clonglong`:idx: `system.html#263 <system.html#263>`_ + `close`:idx: + * `parsecfg.html#106 <parsecfg.html#106>`_ + * `posix.html#963 <posix.html#963>`_ + + `closedir`:idx: + `posix.html#794 <posix.html#794>`_ + `CloseFile`:idx: - `system.html#367 <system.html#367>`_ + `system.html#378 <system.html#378>`_ `closure`:idx: - `manual.html#171 <manual.html#171>`_ + `manual.html#170 <manual.html#170>`_ `cmp`:idx: * `system.html#243 <system.html#243>`_ @@ -337,6 +585,9 @@ Index `cmpPaths`:idx: `os.html#126 <os.html#126>`_ + `CODESET`:idx: + `posix.html#386 <posix.html#386>`_ + `comment pieces`:idx: `manual.html#115 <manual.html#115>`_ @@ -350,10 +601,13 @@ Index `system.html#276 <system.html#276>`_ `complex statements`:idx: - `manual.html#176 <manual.html#176>`_ + `manual.html#175 <manual.html#175>`_ + + `confstr`:idx: + `posix.html#964 <posix.html#964>`_ `const`:idx: - `manual.html#180 <manual.html#180>`_ + `manual.html#179 <manual.html#179>`_ `constant expressions`:idx: `manual.html#108 <manual.html#108>`_ @@ -362,7 +616,7 @@ Index `manual.html#140 <manual.html#140>`_ `continue`:idx: - `manual.html#197 <manual.html#197>`_ + `manual.html#196 <manual.html#196>`_ `copy`:idx: * `system.html#288 <system.html#288>`_ @@ -375,43 +629,130 @@ Index `system.html#293 <system.html#293>`_ `cos`:idx: - `math.html#114 <math.html#114>`_ + `math.html#119 <math.html#119>`_ `cosh`:idx: - `math.html#115 <math.html#115>`_ + `math.html#120 <math.html#120>`_ `countBits`:idx: - `math.html#103 <math.html#103>`_ + `math.html#105 <math.html#105>`_ `countdown`:idx: - `system.html#341 <system.html#341>`_ + `system.html#344 <system.html#344>`_ `countup`:idx: - `system.html#342 <system.html#342>`_ + `system.html#345 <system.html#345>`_ `cpuEndian`:idx: `system.html#281 <system.html#281>`_ + `creat`:idx: + `posix.html#805 <posix.html#805>`_ + `createDir`:idx: `os.html#135 <os.html#135>`_ + `CRNCYSTR`:idx: + `posix.html#440 <posix.html#440>`_ + + `crypt`:idx: + `posix.html#965 <posix.html#965>`_ + `cschar`:idx: `system.html#259 <system.html#259>`_ `cshort`:idx: `system.html#260 <system.html#260>`_ + `cSIG_HOLD`:idx: + `posix.html#718 <posix.html#718>`_ + + `CS_PATH`:idx: + `posix.html#479 <posix.html#479>`_ + + `CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS`:idx: + `posix.html#480 <posix.html#480>`_ + + `CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS`:idx: + `posix.html#481 <posix.html#481>`_ + + `CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS`:idx: + `posix.html#482 <posix.html#482>`_ + + `CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS`:idx: + `posix.html#483 <posix.html#483>`_ + + `CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS`:idx: + `posix.html#484 <posix.html#484>`_ + + `CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS`:idx: + `posix.html#485 <posix.html#485>`_ + + `CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS`:idx: + `posix.html#486 <posix.html#486>`_ + + `CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS`:idx: + `posix.html#487 <posix.html#487>`_ + + `CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LIBS`:idx: + `posix.html#488 <posix.html#488>`_ + + `CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS`:idx: + `posix.html#489 <posix.html#489>`_ + + `CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS`:idx: + `posix.html#490 <posix.html#490>`_ + + `CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS`:idx: + `posix.html#491 <posix.html#491>`_ + + `CS_POSIX_V6_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS`:idx: + `posix.html#492 <posix.html#492>`_ + `cstringArray`:idx: `system.html#267 <system.html#267>`_ + `ctermid`:idx: + `posix.html#966 <posix.html#966>`_ + + `ctime`:idx: + `posix.html#1093 <posix.html#1093>`_ + + `ctime_r`:idx: + `posix.html#1094 <posix.html#1094>`_ + `CurDir`:idx: `os.html#101 <os.html#101>`_ `dangling else problem`:idx: - `manual.html#177 <manual.html#177>`_ + `manual.html#176 <manual.html#176>`_ + + `DAY_1`:idx: + `posix.html#393 <posix.html#393>`_ + + `DAY_2`:idx: + `posix.html#394 <posix.html#394>`_ + + `DAY_3`:idx: + `posix.html#395 <posix.html#395>`_ + + `DAY_4`:idx: + `posix.html#396 <posix.html#396>`_ + + `DAY_5`:idx: + `posix.html#397 <posix.html#397>`_ + + `DAY_6`:idx: + `posix.html#398 <posix.html#398>`_ + + `DAY_7`:idx: + `posix.html#399 <posix.html#399>`_ + + `daylight`:idx: + `posix.html#698 <posix.html#698>`_ `dbgLineHook`:idx: - `system.html#337 <system.html#337>`_ + `system.html#340 <system.html#340>`_ `dealloc`:idx: `system.html#299 <system.html#299>`_ @@ -423,60 +764,185 @@ Index `system.html#144 <system.html#144>`_ `define`:idx: - `manual.html#224 <manual.html#224>`_ + `manual.html#223 <manual.html#223>`_ `defined`:idx: `system.html#101 <system.html#101>`_ + `deinitBaseLexer`:idx: + `lexbase.html#106 <lexbase.html#106>`_ + `deleteStr`:idx: `strutils.html#115 <strutils.html#115>`_ + `D_FMT`:idx: + `posix.html#388 <posix.html#388>`_ + + `difftime`:idx: + `posix.html#1095 <posix.html#1095>`_ + + `dirname`:idx: + `posix.html#839 <posix.html#839>`_ + `DirSep`:idx: `os.html#103 <os.html#103>`_ `discard`:idx: - `manual.html#178 <manual.html#178>`_ + `manual.html#177 <manual.html#177>`_ `div`:idx: * `system.html#160 <system.html#160>`_ * `system.html#179 <system.html#179>`_ + `dlclose`:idx: + `posix.html#801 <posix.html#801>`_ + + `dlerror`:idx: + `posix.html#802 <posix.html#802>`_ + + `dlopen`:idx: + `posix.html#803 <posix.html#803>`_ + + `dlsym`:idx: + `posix.html#804 <posix.html#804>`_ + + `dom`:idx: + `nimrodc.html#116 <nimrodc.html#116>`_ + `domain specific languages`:idx: - `manual.html#213 <manual.html#213>`_ + `manual.html#212 <manual.html#212>`_ + + `D_T_FMT`:idx: + `posix.html#387 <posix.html#387>`_ + + `dup`:idx: + `posix.html#967 <posix.html#967>`_ + + `dup2`:idx: + `posix.html#968 <posix.html#968>`_ `dynamic type`:idx: `manual.html#104 <manual.html#104>`_ + `E2BIG`:idx: + `posix.html#217 <posix.html#217>`_ + + `EACCES`:idx: + `posix.html#218 <posix.html#218>`_ + `EAccessViolation`:idx: - `system.html#128 <system.html#128>`_ + `system.html#127 <system.html#127>`_ + + `EADDRINUSE`:idx: + `posix.html#219 <posix.html#219>`_ + + `EADDRNOTAVAIL`:idx: + `posix.html#220 <posix.html#220>`_ + + `EAFNOSUPPORT`:idx: + `posix.html#221 <posix.html#221>`_ + + `EAGAIN`:idx: + `posix.html#222 <posix.html#222>`_ + + `EALREADY`:idx: + `posix.html#223 <posix.html#223>`_ `EArithmetic`:idx: - `system.html#125 <system.html#125>`_ + `system.html#124 <system.html#124>`_ `EAssertionFailed`:idx: - `system.html#129 <system.html#129>`_ + `system.html#128 <system.html#128>`_ `EAsynch`:idx: - `system.html#119 <system.html#119>`_ + `system.html#118 <system.html#118>`_ + + `EBADF`:idx: + `posix.html#224 <posix.html#224>`_ + + `EBADMSG`:idx: + `posix.html#225 <posix.html#225>`_ `E_Base`:idx: - `system.html#118 <system.html#118>`_ + `system.html#117 <system.html#117>`_ + + `EBUSY`:idx: + `posix.html#226 <posix.html#226>`_ + + `ECANCELED`:idx: + `posix.html#227 <posix.html#227>`_ + + `ECHILD`:idx: + `posix.html#228 <posix.html#228>`_ `echo`:idx: - `system.html#380 <system.html#380>`_ + `system.html#371 <system.html#371>`_ + + `ECMAScript`:idx: + `nimrodc.html#111 <nimrodc.html#111>`_ + + `ECONNABORTED`:idx: + `posix.html#229 <posix.html#229>`_ + + `ECONNREFUSED`:idx: + `posix.html#230 <posix.html#230>`_ + + `ECONNRESET`:idx: + `posix.html#231 <posix.html#231>`_ `EControlC`:idx: - `system.html#130 <system.html#130>`_ + `system.html#129 <system.html#129>`_ + + `EDEADLK`:idx: + `posix.html#232 <posix.html#232>`_ + + `EDESTADDRREQ`:idx: + `posix.html#233 <posix.html#233>`_ `EDivByZero`:idx: - `system.html#126 <system.html#126>`_ + `system.html#125 <system.html#125>`_ - `EInvalidIndex`:idx: + `EDOM`:idx: + `posix.html#234 <posix.html#234>`_ + + `EDQUOT`:idx: + `posix.html#235 <posix.html#235>`_ + + `EEXIST`:idx: + `posix.html#236 <posix.html#236>`_ + + `EFAULT`:idx: + `posix.html#237 <posix.html#237>`_ + + `EFBIG`:idx: + `posix.html#238 <posix.html#238>`_ + + `EHOSTUNREACH`:idx: + `posix.html#239 <posix.html#239>`_ + + `EIDRM`:idx: + `posix.html#240 <posix.html#240>`_ + + `EILSEQ`:idx: + `posix.html#241 <posix.html#241>`_ + + `EINPROGRESS`:idx: + `posix.html#242 <posix.html#242>`_ + + `EINTR`:idx: + `posix.html#243 <posix.html#243>`_ + + `EINVAL`:idx: + `posix.html#244 <posix.html#244>`_ + + `EInvalidField`:idx: `system.html#133 <system.html#133>`_ + `EInvalidIndex`:idx: + `system.html#132 <system.html#132>`_ + `EInvalidObjectAssignment`:idx: - * `manual.html#157 <manual.html#157>`_ - * `system.html#137 <system.html#137>`_ + `system.html#137 <system.html#137>`_ `EInvalidObjectConversion`:idx: `system.html#138 <system.html#138>`_ @@ -486,51 +952,204 @@ Index `EInvalidValue`:idx: * `manual.html#146 <manual.html#146>`_ - * `system.html#131 <system.html#131>`_ + * `system.html#130 <system.html#130>`_ `EIO`:idx: - `system.html#122 <system.html#122>`_ + * `system.html#121 <system.html#121>`_ + * `posix.html#245 <posix.html#245>`_ + + `EISCONN`:idx: + `posix.html#246 <posix.html#246>`_ + + `EISDIR`:idx: + `posix.html#247 <posix.html#247>`_ + + `ELOOP`:idx: + `posix.html#248 <posix.html#248>`_ `Embedded Nimrod Debugger`:idx: `endb.html#101 <endb.html#101>`_ + `EMFILE`:idx: + `posix.html#249 <posix.html#249>`_ + + `EMLINK`:idx: + `posix.html#250 <posix.html#250>`_ + + `EMSGSIZE`:idx: + `posix.html#251 <posix.html#251>`_ + + `EMULTIHOP`:idx: + `posix.html#252 <posix.html#252>`_ + + `ENAMETOOLONG`:idx: + `posix.html#253 <posix.html#253>`_ + + `encrypt`:idx: + `posix.html#969 <posix.html#969>`_ + `ENDB`:idx: `endb.html#102 <endb.html#102>`_ + `endgrent`:idx: + `posix.html#832 <posix.html#832>`_ + `EndOfFile`:idx: - `system.html#368 <system.html#368>`_ + * `system.html#379 <system.html#379>`_ + * `lexbase.html#101 <lexbase.html#101>`_ + + `endpwent`:idx: + `posix.html#856 <posix.html#856>`_ `endsWith`:idx: - `strutils.html#132 <strutils.html#132>`_ + `strutils.html#133 <strutils.html#133>`_ + + `ENETDOWN`:idx: + `posix.html#254 <posix.html#254>`_ + + `ENETRESET`:idx: + `posix.html#255 <posix.html#255>`_ + + `ENETUNREACH`:idx: + `posix.html#256 <posix.html#256>`_ + + `ENFILE`:idx: + `posix.html#257 <posix.html#257>`_ + + `ENOBUFS`:idx: + `posix.html#258 <posix.html#258>`_ + + `ENODATA`:idx: + `posix.html#259 <posix.html#259>`_ + + `ENODEV`:idx: + `posix.html#260 <posix.html#260>`_ + + `ENOENT`:idx: + `posix.html#261 <posix.html#261>`_ `ENoExceptionToReraise`:idx: - * `manual.html#186 <manual.html#186>`_ + * `manual.html#185 <manual.html#185>`_ * `system.html#136 <system.html#136>`_ + `ENOEXEC`:idx: + `posix.html#262 <posix.html#262>`_ + + `ENOLCK`:idx: + `posix.html#263 <posix.html#263>`_ + + `ENOLINK`:idx: + `posix.html#264 <posix.html#264>`_ + + `ENOMEM`:idx: + `posix.html#265 <posix.html#265>`_ + + `ENOMSG`:idx: + `posix.html#266 <posix.html#266>`_ + + `ENOPROTOOPT`:idx: + `posix.html#267 <posix.html#267>`_ + + `ENOSPC`:idx: + `posix.html#268 <posix.html#268>`_ + + `ENOSR`:idx: + `posix.html#269 <posix.html#269>`_ + + `ENOSTR`:idx: + `posix.html#270 <posix.html#270>`_ + + `ENOSYS`:idx: + `posix.html#271 <posix.html#271>`_ + + `ENOTCONN`:idx: + `posix.html#272 <posix.html#272>`_ + + `ENOTDIR`:idx: + `posix.html#273 <posix.html#273>`_ + + `ENOTEMPTY`:idx: + `posix.html#274 <posix.html#274>`_ + + `ENOTSOCK`:idx: + `posix.html#275 <posix.html#275>`_ + + `ENOTSUP`:idx: + `posix.html#276 <posix.html#276>`_ + + `ENOTTY`:idx: + `posix.html#277 <posix.html#277>`_ + `Enumeration`:idx: `manual.html#149 <manual.html#149>`_ + `ENXIO`:idx: + `posix.html#278 <posix.html#278>`_ + + `EOPNOTSUPP`:idx: + `posix.html#279 <posix.html#279>`_ + `EOS`:idx: - `system.html#123 <system.html#123>`_ + `system.html#122 <system.html#122>`_ `EOutOfMemory`:idx: - `system.html#132 <system.html#132>`_ + `system.html#131 <system.html#131>`_ `EOutOfRange`:idx: `system.html#134 <system.html#134>`_ `EOverflow`:idx: - `system.html#127 <system.html#127>`_ + `system.html#126 <system.html#126>`_ + + `EOVERFLOW`:idx: + `posix.html#280 <posix.html#280>`_ + + `EPERM`:idx: + `posix.html#281 <posix.html#281>`_ + + `EPIPE`:idx: + `posix.html#282 <posix.html#282>`_ + + `EPROTO`:idx: + `posix.html#283 <posix.html#283>`_ + + `EPROTONOSUPPORT`:idx: + `posix.html#284 <posix.html#284>`_ + + `EPROTOTYPE`:idx: + `posix.html#285 <posix.html#285>`_ `equalMem`:idx: `system.html#295 <system.html#295>`_ + `ERA`:idx: + `posix.html#431 <posix.html#431>`_ + + `ERA_D_FMT`:idx: + `posix.html#432 <posix.html#432>`_ + + `ERA_D_T_FMT`:idx: + `posix.html#433 <posix.html#433>`_ + + `ERANGE`:idx: + `posix.html#286 <posix.html#286>`_ + + `ERA_T_FMT`:idx: + `posix.html#434 <posix.html#434>`_ + `ERessourceExhausted`:idx: - `system.html#124 <system.html#124>`_ + `system.html#123 <system.html#123>`_ + + `EROFS`:idx: + `posix.html#287 <posix.html#287>`_ + + `errno`:idx: + `posix.html#216 <posix.html#216>`_ `error`:idx: - * `manual.html#223 <manual.html#223>`_ - * `manual.html#226 <manual.html#226>`_ + * `manual.html#222 <manual.html#222>`_ + * `manual.html#225 <manual.html#225>`_ + * `dialogs.html#104 <dialogs.html#104>`_ `escape`:idx: `manual.html#133 <manual.html#133>`_ @@ -538,30 +1157,72 @@ Index `escape sequences`:idx: `manual.html#120 <manual.html#120>`_ + `ESPIPE`:idx: + `posix.html#288 <posix.html#288>`_ + + `ESRCH`:idx: + `posix.html#289 <posix.html#289>`_ + `EStackOverflow`:idx: `system.html#135 <system.html#135>`_ + `ESTALE`:idx: + `posix.html#290 <posix.html#290>`_ + `ESynch`:idx: - `system.html#120 <system.html#120>`_ + `system.html#119 <system.html#119>`_ `ESystem`:idx: - `system.html#121 <system.html#121>`_ + `system.html#120 <system.html#120>`_ + + `ETIME`:idx: + `posix.html#291 <posix.html#291>`_ + + `ETIMEDOUT`:idx: + `posix.html#292 <posix.html#292>`_ + + `ETXTBSY`:idx: + `posix.html#293 <posix.html#293>`_ + + `EWOULDBLOCK`:idx: + `posix.html#294 <posix.html#294>`_ `except`:idx: - `manual.html#189 <manual.html#189>`_ + `manual.html#188 <manual.html#188>`_ `exception handlers`:idx: - `manual.html#188 <manual.html#188>`_ + `manual.html#187 <manual.html#187>`_ `excl`:idx: `system.html#150 <system.html#150>`_ + `EXDEV`:idx: + `posix.html#295 <posix.html#295>`_ + + `execl`:idx: + `posix.html#970 <posix.html#970>`_ + + `execle`:idx: + `posix.html#971 <posix.html#971>`_ + + `execlp`:idx: + `posix.html#972 <posix.html#972>`_ + `executeProcess`:idx: `os.html#129 <os.html#129>`_ `executeShellCommand`:idx: `os.html#130 <os.html#130>`_ + `execv`:idx: + `posix.html#973 <posix.html#973>`_ + + `execve`:idx: + `posix.html#974 <posix.html#974>`_ + + `execvp`:idx: + `posix.html#975 <posix.html#975>`_ + `existsDir`:idx: `os.html#136 <os.html#136>`_ @@ -572,7 +1233,7 @@ Index `os.html#115 <os.html#115>`_ `exp`:idx: - `math.html#108 <math.html#108>`_ + `math.html#112 <math.html#112>`_ `expandFilename`:idx: `os.html#114 <os.html#114>`_ @@ -587,10 +1248,124 @@ Index `os.html#107 <os.html#107>`_ `fastcall`:idx: - `manual.html#169 <manual.html#169>`_ + `manual.html#168 <manual.html#168>`_ `fatal`:idx: - `manual.html#227 <manual.html#227>`_ + `manual.html#226 <manual.html#226>`_ + + `fchdir`:idx: + `posix.html#977 <posix.html#977>`_ + + `fchmod`:idx: + `posix.html#1052 <posix.html#1052>`_ + + `fchown`:idx: + `posix.html#976 <posix.html#976>`_ + + `fcntl`:idx: + `posix.html#806 <posix.html#806>`_ + + `fdatasync`:idx: + `posix.html#978 <posix.html#978>`_ + + `FD_CLOEXEC`:idx: + `posix.html#306 <posix.html#306>`_ + + `FD_CLR`:idx: + `posix.html#1154 <posix.html#1154>`_ + + `FD_ISSET`:idx: + `posix.html#1155 <posix.html#1155>`_ + + `FD_SET`:idx: + `posix.html#1156 <posix.html#1156>`_ + + `FD_SETSIZE`:idx: + `posix.html#771 <posix.html#771>`_ + + `F_DUPFD`:idx: + `posix.html#296 <posix.html#296>`_ + + `FD_ZERO`:idx: + `posix.html#1157 <posix.html#1157>`_ + + `FE_ALL_EXCEPT`:idx: + `posix.html#334 <posix.html#334>`_ + + `feclearexcept`:idx: + `posix.html#810 <posix.html#810>`_ + + `FE_DFL_ENV`:idx: + `posix.html#339 <posix.html#339>`_ + + `FE_DIVBYZERO`:idx: + `posix.html#329 <posix.html#329>`_ + + `FE_DOWNWARD`:idx: + `posix.html#335 <posix.html#335>`_ + + `fegetenv`:idx: + `posix.html#817 <posix.html#817>`_ + + `fegetexceptflag`:idx: + `posix.html#811 <posix.html#811>`_ + + `fegetround`:idx: + `posix.html#815 <posix.html#815>`_ + + `feholdexcept`:idx: + `posix.html#818 <posix.html#818>`_ + + `FE_INEXACT`:idx: + `posix.html#330 <posix.html#330>`_ + + `FE_INVALID`:idx: + `posix.html#331 <posix.html#331>`_ + + `FE_OVERFLOW`:idx: + `posix.html#332 <posix.html#332>`_ + + `feraiseexcept`:idx: + `posix.html#812 <posix.html#812>`_ + + `fesetenv`:idx: + `posix.html#819 <posix.html#819>`_ + + `fesetexceptflag`:idx: + `posix.html#813 <posix.html#813>`_ + + `fesetround`:idx: + `posix.html#816 <posix.html#816>`_ + + `fetestexcept`:idx: + `posix.html#814 <posix.html#814>`_ + + `FE_TONEAREST`:idx: + `posix.html#336 <posix.html#336>`_ + + `FE_TOWARDZERO`:idx: + `posix.html#337 <posix.html#337>`_ + + `FE_UNDERFLOW`:idx: + `posix.html#333 <posix.html#333>`_ + + `feupdateenv`:idx: + `posix.html#820 <posix.html#820>`_ + + `FE_UPWARD`:idx: + `posix.html#338 <posix.html#338>`_ + + `F_GETFD`:idx: + `posix.html#297 <posix.html#297>`_ + + `F_GETFL`:idx: + `posix.html#299 <posix.html#299>`_ + + `F_GETLK`:idx: + `posix.html#301 <posix.html#301>`_ + + `F_GETOWN`:idx: + `posix.html#304 <posix.html#304>`_ `fileNewer`:idx: `os.html#138 <os.html#138>`_ @@ -599,7 +1374,7 @@ Index `os.html#106 <os.html#106>`_ `finally`:idx: - `manual.html#190 <manual.html#190>`_ + `manual.html#189 <manual.html#189>`_ `find`:idx: * `regexprs.html#109 <regexprs.html#109>`_ @@ -609,50 +1384,167 @@ Index * `strutils.html#112 <strutils.html#112>`_ * `strutils.html#113 <strutils.html#113>`_ + `F_LOCK`:idx: + `posix.html#493 <posix.html#493>`_ + `FlushFile`:idx: - `system.html#370 <system.html#370>`_ + `system.html#381 <system.html#381>`_ + + `fmtmsg`:idx: + `posix.html#821 <posix.html#821>`_ + + `fnmatch`:idx: + `posix.html#822 <posix.html#822>`_ + + `FNM_NOESCAPE`:idx: + `posix.html#362 <posix.html#362>`_ + + `FNM_NOMATCH`:idx: + `posix.html#359 <posix.html#359>`_ + + `FNM_NOSYS`:idx: + `posix.html#363 <posix.html#363>`_ + + `FNM_PATHNAME`:idx: + `posix.html#360 <posix.html#360>`_ + + `FNM_PERIOD`:idx: + `posix.html#361 <posix.html#361>`_ + + `F_OK`:idx: + `posix.html#475 <posix.html#475>`_ `for`:idx: - `manual.html#205 <manual.html#205>`_ + `manual.html#204 <manual.html#204>`_ + + `fork`:idx: + `posix.html#979 <posix.html#979>`_ `form feed`:idx: `manual.html#124 <manual.html#124>`_ `forward`:idx: - `manual.html#202 <manual.html#202>`_ + `manual.html#201 <manual.html#201>`_ + + `fpathconf`:idx: + `posix.html#980 <posix.html#980>`_ + + `F_RDLCK`:idx: + `posix.html#307 <posix.html#307>`_ `frexp`:idx: - `math.html#109 <math.html#109>`_ + `math.html#113 <math.html#113>`_ + + `F_SETFD`:idx: + `posix.html#298 <posix.html#298>`_ + + `F_SETFL`:idx: + `posix.html#300 <posix.html#300>`_ + + `F_SETLK`:idx: + `posix.html#302 <posix.html#302>`_ + + `F_SETLKW`:idx: + `posix.html#303 <posix.html#303>`_ + + `F_SETOWN`:idx: + `posix.html#305 <posix.html#305>`_ + + `fstat`:idx: + `posix.html#1053 <posix.html#1053>`_ + + `fstatvfs`:idx: + `posix.html#1050 <posix.html#1050>`_ + + `fsync`:idx: + `posix.html#981 <posix.html#981>`_ + + `F_TEST`:idx: + `posix.html#494 <posix.html#494>`_ + + `F_TLOCK`:idx: + `posix.html#495 <posix.html#495>`_ + + `ftok`:idx: + `posix.html#1048 <posix.html#1048>`_ + + `ftruncate`:idx: + `posix.html#982 <posix.html#982>`_ + + `ftw`:idx: + `posix.html#823 <posix.html#823>`_ + + `FTW_CHDIR`:idx: + `posix.html#374 <posix.html#374>`_ + + `FTW_D`:idx: + `posix.html#365 <posix.html#365>`_ + + `FTW_DEPTH`:idx: + `posix.html#373 <posix.html#373>`_ + + `FTW_DNR`:idx: + `posix.html#366 <posix.html#366>`_ + + `FTW_DP`:idx: + `posix.html#367 <posix.html#367>`_ + + `FTW_F`:idx: + `posix.html#364 <posix.html#364>`_ + + `FTW_MOUNT`:idx: + `posix.html#372 <posix.html#372>`_ + + `FTW_NS`:idx: + `posix.html#368 <posix.html#368>`_ + + `FTW_PHYS`:idx: + `posix.html#371 <posix.html#371>`_ + + `FTW_SL`:idx: + `posix.html#369 <posix.html#369>`_ + + `FTW_SLN`:idx: + `posix.html#370 <posix.html#370>`_ + + `F_ULOCK`:idx: + `posix.html#496 <posix.html#496>`_ `functional`:idx: - `manual.html#163 <manual.html#163>`_ + `manual.html#162 <manual.html#162>`_ + + `F_UNLCK`:idx: + `posix.html#308 <posix.html#308>`_ `funtions`:idx: - `manual.html#200 <manual.html#200>`_ + `manual.html#199 <manual.html#199>`_ + + `F_WRLCK`:idx: + `posix.html#309 <posix.html#309>`_ `GC_disable`:idx: - `system.html#354 <system.html#354>`_ + `system.html#364 <system.html#364>`_ `GC_disableMarkAndSweep`:idx: - `system.html#360 <system.html#360>`_ + `system.html#370 <system.html#370>`_ `GC_enable`:idx: - `system.html#355 <system.html#355>`_ + `system.html#365 <system.html#365>`_ `GC_enableMarkAndSweep`:idx: - `system.html#359 <system.html#359>`_ + `system.html#369 <system.html#369>`_ `GC_fullCollect`:idx: - `system.html#356 <system.html#356>`_ + `system.html#366 <system.html#366>`_ `GC_setStrategy`:idx: - `system.html#358 <system.html#358>`_ + `system.html#368 <system.html#368>`_ `generic character types`:idx: `regexprs.html#102 <regexprs.html#102>`_ `Generics`:idx: - `manual.html#209 <manual.html#209>`_ + `manual.html#208 <manual.html#208>`_ `getApplicationDir`:idx: `os.html#108 <os.html#108>`_ @@ -663,48 +1555,145 @@ Index `getClockStr`:idx: `times.html#112 <times.html#112>`_ + `getColNumber`:idx: + `lexbase.html#108 <lexbase.html#108>`_ + + `getColumn`:idx: + `parsecfg.html#108 <parsecfg.html#108>`_ + `getConfigDir`:idx: `os.html#113 <os.html#113>`_ + `getcontext`:idx: + `posix.html#1181 <posix.html#1181>`_ + `getCurrentDir`:idx: `os.html#110 <os.html#110>`_ `getCurrentExceptionMsg`:idx: - * `manual.html#184 <manual.html#184>`_ - * `system.html#334 <system.html#334>`_ + * `manual.html#183 <manual.html#183>`_ + * `system.html#336 <system.html#336>`_ + + `getCurrentLine`:idx: + `lexbase.html#107 <lexbase.html#107>`_ + + `getcwd`:idx: + `posix.html#983 <posix.html#983>`_ + + `getdate`:idx: + `posix.html#1096 <posix.html#1096>`_ `getDateStr`:idx: `times.html#111 <times.html#111>`_ + `getegid`:idx: + `posix.html#984 <posix.html#984>`_ + `getEnv`:idx: `os.html#140 <os.html#140>`_ + `geteuid`:idx: + `posix.html#985 <posix.html#985>`_ + + `getFilename`:idx: + `parsecfg.html#110 <parsecfg.html#110>`_ + `getFilePos`:idx: - `system.html#389 <system.html#389>`_ + `system.html#401 <system.html#401>`_ `getFileSize`:idx: - `system.html#381 <system.html#381>`_ + `system.html#393 <system.html#393>`_ `getFreeMem`:idx: - `system.html#339 <system.html#339>`_ + `system.html#342 <system.html#342>`_ + + `getgid`:idx: + `posix.html#986 <posix.html#986>`_ `getGMTime`:idx: `times.html#107 <times.html#107>`_ + `getgrent`:idx: + `posix.html#831 <posix.html#831>`_ + + `getgrgid`:idx: + `posix.html#827 <posix.html#827>`_ + + `getgrgid_r`:idx: + `posix.html#829 <posix.html#829>`_ + + `getgrnam`:idx: + `posix.html#828 <posix.html#828>`_ + + `getgrnam_r`:idx: + `posix.html#830 <posix.html#830>`_ + + `getgroups`:idx: + `posix.html#987 <posix.html#987>`_ + `getHomeDir`:idx: `os.html#112 <os.html#112>`_ + `gethostid`:idx: + `posix.html#988 <posix.html#988>`_ + + `gethostname`:idx: + `posix.html#989 <posix.html#989>`_ + `getLastModificationTime`:idx: `os.html#137 <os.html#137>`_ + `getLine`:idx: + `parsecfg.html#109 <parsecfg.html#109>`_ + `getLocalTime`:idx: `times.html#106 <times.html#106>`_ + `getlogin`:idx: + `posix.html#990 <posix.html#990>`_ + + `getlogin_r`:idx: + `posix.html#991 <posix.html#991>`_ + `getOccupiedMem`:idx: - `system.html#338 <system.html#338>`_ + `system.html#341 <system.html#341>`_ + + `getopt`:idx: + * `parseopt.html#106 <parseopt.html#106>`_ + * `posix.html#992 <posix.html#992>`_ + + `getpgid`:idx: + `posix.html#993 <posix.html#993>`_ + + `getpgrp`:idx: + `posix.html#994 <posix.html#994>`_ + + `getpid`:idx: + `posix.html#995 <posix.html#995>`_ + + `getppid`:idx: + `posix.html#996 <posix.html#996>`_ + + `getpwent`:idx: + `posix.html#857 <posix.html#857>`_ + + `getpwnam`:idx: + `posix.html#853 <posix.html#853>`_ + + `getpwuid`:idx: + `posix.html#854 <posix.html#854>`_ + + `getpwuid_r`:idx: + `posix.html#855 <posix.html#855>`_ `getRefcount`:idx: - `system.html#333 <system.html#333>`_ + `system.html#335 <system.html#335>`_ + + `getRestOfCommandLine`:idx: + `parseopt.html#105 <parseopt.html#105>`_ + + `getsid`:idx: + `posix.html#997 <posix.html#997>`_ `getStartMilsecs`:idx: `times.html#114 <times.html#114>`_ @@ -713,7 +1702,83 @@ Index `times.html#105 <times.html#105>`_ `getTotalMem`:idx: - `system.html#340 <system.html#340>`_ + `system.html#343 <system.html#343>`_ + + `getuid`:idx: + `posix.html#998 <posix.html#998>`_ + + `getwd`:idx: + `posix.html#999 <posix.html#999>`_ + + `glob`:idx: + `posix.html#825 <posix.html#825>`_ + + `GLOB_ABORTED`:idx: + `posix.html#382 <posix.html#382>`_ + + `GLOB_APPEND`:idx: + `posix.html#375 <posix.html#375>`_ + + `GLOB_DOOFFS`:idx: + `posix.html#376 <posix.html#376>`_ + + `GLOB_ERR`:idx: + `posix.html#377 <posix.html#377>`_ + + `globfree`:idx: + `posix.html#826 <posix.html#826>`_ + + `GLOB_MARK`:idx: + `posix.html#378 <posix.html#378>`_ + + `GLOB_NOCHECK`:idx: + `posix.html#379 <posix.html#379>`_ + + `GLOB_NOESCAPE`:idx: + `posix.html#380 <posix.html#380>`_ + + `GLOB_NOMATCH`:idx: + `posix.html#383 <posix.html#383>`_ + + `GLOB_NOSORT`:idx: + `posix.html#381 <posix.html#381>`_ + + `GLOB_NOSPACE`:idx: + `posix.html#384 <posix.html#384>`_ + + `GLOB_NOSYS`:idx: + `posix.html#385 <posix.html#385>`_ + + `gmtime`:idx: + `posix.html#1097 <posix.html#1097>`_ + + `gmtime_r`:idx: + `posix.html#1098 <posix.html#1098>`_ + + `HandleCR`:idx: + `lexbase.html#109 <lexbase.html#109>`_ + + `HandleLF`:idx: + `lexbase.html#110 <lexbase.html#110>`_ + + `hash`:idx: + * `hashes.html#103 <hashes.html#103>`_ + * `hashes.html#104 <hashes.html#104>`_ + * `hashes.html#105 <hashes.html#105>`_ + * `hashes.html#106 <hashes.html#106>`_ + * `hashes.html#107 <hashes.html#107>`_ + + `hashData`:idx: + `hashes.html#102 <hashes.html#102>`_ + + `hashIgnoreCase`:idx: + `hashes.html#109 <hashes.html#109>`_ + + `hashIgnoreStyle`:idx: + `hashes.html#108 <hashes.html#108>`_ + + `hasKey`:idx: + `strtabs.html#108 <strtabs.html#108>`_ `header`:idx: `nimrodc.html#103 <nimrodc.html#103>`_ @@ -722,11 +1787,26 @@ Index `system.html#105 <system.html#105>`_ `hint`:idx: - * `manual.html#221 <manual.html#221>`_ - * `manual.html#229 <manual.html#229>`_ + * `manual.html#220 <manual.html#220>`_ + * `manual.html#228 <manual.html#228>`_ + + `htonl`:idx: + `posix.html#786 <posix.html#786>`_ + + `htons`:idx: + `posix.html#787 <posix.html#787>`_ `hypot`:idx: - `math.html#116 <math.html#116>`_ + `math.html#121 <math.html#121>`_ + + `iconv`:idx: + `posix.html#835 <posix.html#835>`_ + + `iconv_close`:idx: + `posix.html#836 <posix.html#836>`_ + + `iconv_open`:idx: + `posix.html#834 <posix.html#834>`_ `identifier`:idx: `manual.html#105 <manual.html#105>`_ @@ -735,13 +1815,13 @@ Index `manual.html#116 <manual.html#116>`_ `if`:idx: - `manual.html#181 <manual.html#181>`_ + `manual.html#180 <manual.html#180>`_ `implicit block`:idx: - `manual.html#207 <manual.html#207>`_ + `manual.html#206 <manual.html#206>`_ `import`:idx: - `manual.html#217 <manual.html#217>`_ + `manual.html#216 <manual.html#216>`_ `in`:idx: `system.html#239 <system.html#239>`_ @@ -755,14 +1835,38 @@ Index `indentation sensitive`:idx: `manual.html#113 <manual.html#113>`_ + `inet_addr`:idx: + `posix.html#790 <posix.html#790>`_ + + `inet_ntoa`:idx: + `posix.html#791 <posix.html#791>`_ + + `inet_ntop`:idx: + `posix.html#792 <posix.html#792>`_ + + `inet_pton`:idx: + `posix.html#793 <posix.html#793>`_ + `inf`:idx: - `system.html#335 <system.html#335>`_ + `system.html#337 <system.html#337>`_ + + `info`:idx: + `dialogs.html#102 <dialogs.html#102>`_ `information hiding`:idx: - `manual.html#215 <manual.html#215>`_ + `manual.html#214 <manual.html#214>`_ + + `init`:idx: + `parseopt.html#103 <parseopt.html#103>`_ + + `initBaseLexer`:idx: + `lexbase.html#104 <lexbase.html#104>`_ + + `initBaseLexerFromBuffer`:idx: + `lexbase.html#105 <lexbase.html#105>`_ `inline`:idx: - `manual.html#168 <manual.html#168>`_ + `manual.html#167 <manual.html#167>`_ `in_Operator`:idx: * `strutils.html#121 <strutils.html#121>`_ @@ -774,29 +1878,64 @@ Index `intToStr`:idx: `strutils.html#124 <strutils.html#124>`_ + `IPC_CREAT`:idx: + `posix.html#639 <posix.html#639>`_ + + `IPC_EXCL`:idx: + `posix.html#640 <posix.html#640>`_ + + `IPC_NOWAIT`:idx: + `posix.html#641 <posix.html#641>`_ + + `IPC_PRIVATE`:idx: + `posix.html#642 <posix.html#642>`_ + + `IPC_RMID`:idx: + `posix.html#643 <posix.html#643>`_ + + `IPC_SET`:idx: + `posix.html#644 <posix.html#644>`_ + + `IPC_STAT`:idx: + `posix.html#645 <posix.html#645>`_ + `is`:idx: `system.html#241 <system.html#241>`_ + `isatty`:idx: + `posix.html#1000 <posix.html#1000>`_ + + `isNil`:idx: + * `system.html#352 <system.html#352>`_ + * `system.html#353 <system.html#353>`_ + * `system.html#354 <system.html#354>`_ + * `system.html#355 <system.html#355>`_ + * `system.html#356 <system.html#356>`_ + * `system.html#357 <system.html#357>`_ + `is_not`:idx: `system.html#242 <system.html#242>`_ `isPowerOfTwo`:idx: - `math.html#102 <math.html#102>`_ + `math.html#103 <math.html#103>`_ `items`:idx: - * `system.html#343 <system.html#343>`_ - * `system.html#344 <system.html#344>`_ - * `system.html#345 <system.html#345>`_ * `system.html#346 <system.html#346>`_ * `system.html#347 <system.html#347>`_ * `system.html#348 <system.html#348>`_ + * `system.html#349 <system.html#349>`_ + * `system.html#350 <system.html#350>`_ + * `system.html#351 <system.html#351>`_ `iterator`:idx: - `manual.html#206 <manual.html#206>`_ + `manual.html#205 <manual.html#205>`_ `iterOverEnvironment`:idx: `os.html#145 <os.html#145>`_ + `JavaScript`:idx: + `nimrodc.html#112 <nimrodc.html#112>`_ + `JoinPath`:idx: * `os.html#116 <os.html#116>`_ * `os.html#118 <os.html#118>`_ @@ -804,14 +1943,45 @@ Index `keywords`:idx: `manual.html#117 <manual.html#117>`_ + `kill`:idx: + `posix.html#1116 <posix.html#1116>`_ + + `killpg`:idx: + `posix.html#1117 <posix.html#1117>`_ + `l-values`:idx: `manual.html#107 <manual.html#107>`_ + `LC_ALL`:idx: + `posix.html#441 <posix.html#441>`_ + + `LC_COLLATE`:idx: + `posix.html#442 <posix.html#442>`_ + + `LC_CTYPE`:idx: + `posix.html#443 <posix.html#443>`_ + + `lchown`:idx: + `posix.html#1001 <posix.html#1001>`_ + + `LC_MESSAGES`:idx: + `posix.html#444 <posix.html#444>`_ + + `LC_MONETARY`:idx: + `posix.html#445 <posix.html#445>`_ + + `LC_NUMERIC`:idx: + `posix.html#446 <posix.html#446>`_ + + `LC_TIME`:idx: + `posix.html#447 <posix.html#447>`_ + `len`:idx: * `system.html#145 <system.html#145>`_ * `system.html#146 <system.html#146>`_ * `system.html#147 <system.html#147>`_ * `system.html#148 <system.html#148>`_ + * `strtabs.html#109 <strtabs.html#109>`_ `line feed`:idx: `manual.html#123 <manual.html#123>`_ @@ -820,28 +1990,85 @@ Index `nimrodc.html#105 <nimrodc.html#105>`_ `lines`:idx: - `system.html#390 <system.html#390>`_ + `system.html#402 <system.html#402>`_ `line_trace`:idx: `nimrodc.html#107 <nimrodc.html#107>`_ + `link`:idx: + `posix.html#1002 <posix.html#1002>`_ + + `lio_listio`:idx: + `posix.html#785 <posix.html#785>`_ + + `LIO_NOP`:idx: + `posix.html#207 <posix.html#207>`_ + + `LIO_NOWAIT`:idx: + `posix.html#208 <posix.html#208>`_ + + `LIO_READ`:idx: + `posix.html#209 <posix.html#209>`_ + + `LIO_WAIT`:idx: + `posix.html#210 <posix.html#210>`_ + + `LIO_WRITE`:idx: + `posix.html#211 <posix.html#211>`_ + `Literal strings`:idx: `manual.html#119 <manual.html#119>`_ `ln`:idx: - `math.html#107 <math.html#107>`_ + `math.html#109 <math.html#109>`_ + + `localeconv`:idx: + `posix.html#840 <posix.html#840>`_ + + `localtime`:idx: + `posix.html#1099 <posix.html#1099>`_ + + `localtime_r`:idx: + `posix.html#1100 <posix.html#1100>`_ `locations`:idx: `manual.html#101 <manual.html#101>`_ + `lockf`:idx: + `posix.html#1003 <posix.html#1003>`_ + `log10`:idx: - `math.html#117 <math.html#117>`_ + `math.html#110 <math.html#110>`_ + + `log2`:idx: + `math.html#111 <math.html#111>`_ `low`:idx: `system.html#106 <system.html#106>`_ + `lseek`:idx: + `posix.html#1004 <posix.html#1004>`_ + + `lstat`:idx: + `posix.html#1054 <posix.html#1054>`_ + `Macros`:idx: - `manual.html#212 <manual.html#212>`_ + `manual.html#211 <manual.html#211>`_ + + `makecontext`:idx: + `posix.html#1182 <posix.html#1182>`_ + + `MAP_FAILED`:idx: + `posix.html#683 <posix.html#683>`_ + + `MAP_FIXED`:idx: + `posix.html#677 <posix.html#677>`_ + + `MAP_PRIVATE`:idx: + `posix.html#676 <posix.html#676>`_ + + `MAP_SHARED`:idx: + `posix.html#675 <posix.html#675>`_ `match`:idx: * `regexprs.html#106 <regexprs.html#106>`_ @@ -850,6 +2077,9 @@ Index `matchLen`:idx: `regexprs.html#108 <regexprs.html#108>`_ + `math`:idx: + `nimrodc.html#114 <nimrodc.html#114>`_ + `max`:idx: * `system.html#172 <system.html#172>`_ * `system.html#191 <system.html#191>`_ @@ -858,20 +2088,161 @@ Index `MaxSubpatterns`:idx: `regexprs.html#105 <regexprs.html#105>`_ + `MCL_CURRENT`:idx: + `posix.html#681 <posix.html#681>`_ + + `MCL_FUTURE`:idx: + `posix.html#682 <posix.html#682>`_ + `methods`:idx: - `manual.html#199 <manual.html#199>`_ + `manual.html#198 <manual.html#198>`_ `min`:idx: * `system.html#171 <system.html#171>`_ * `system.html#190 <system.html#190>`_ * `system.html#202 <system.html#202>`_ + `MINSIGSTKSZ`:idx: + `posix.html#763 <posix.html#763>`_ + + `mkdir`:idx: + `posix.html#1055 <posix.html#1055>`_ + + `mkfifo`:idx: + `posix.html#1056 <posix.html#1056>`_ + + `mknod`:idx: + `posix.html#1057 <posix.html#1057>`_ + + `mktime`:idx: + `posix.html#1101 <posix.html#1101>`_ + + `mlock`:idx: + `posix.html#1071 <posix.html#1071>`_ + + `mlockall`:idx: + `posix.html#1072 <posix.html#1072>`_ + + `mmap`:idx: + `posix.html#1073 <posix.html#1073>`_ + + `MM_APPL`:idx: + `posix.html#343 <posix.html#343>`_ + + `MM_CONSOLE`:idx: + `posix.html#354 <posix.html#354>`_ + + `MM_ERROR`:idx: + `posix.html#349 <posix.html#349>`_ + + `MM_FIRM`:idx: + `posix.html#342 <posix.html#342>`_ + + `MM_HALT`:idx: + `posix.html#348 <posix.html#348>`_ + + `MM_HARD`:idx: + `posix.html#340 <posix.html#340>`_ + + `MM_INFO`:idx: + `posix.html#351 <posix.html#351>`_ + + `MM_NOCON`:idx: + `posix.html#358 <posix.html#358>`_ + + `MM_NOMSG`:idx: + `posix.html#357 <posix.html#357>`_ + + `MM_NOSEV`:idx: + `posix.html#352 <posix.html#352>`_ + + `MM_NOTOK`:idx: + `posix.html#356 <posix.html#356>`_ + + `MM_NRECOV`:idx: + `posix.html#347 <posix.html#347>`_ + + `MM_NULLACT`:idx: + `posix.html#125 <posix.html#125>`_ + + `MM_NULLLBL`:idx: + `posix.html#121 <posix.html#121>`_ + + `MM_NULLMC`:idx: + `posix.html#123 <posix.html#123>`_ + + `MM_NULLSEV`:idx: + `posix.html#122 <posix.html#122>`_ + + `MM_NULLTAG`:idx: + `posix.html#126 <posix.html#126>`_ + + `MM_NULLTXT`:idx: + `posix.html#124 <posix.html#124>`_ + + `MM_OK`:idx: + `posix.html#355 <posix.html#355>`_ + + `MM_OPSYS`:idx: + `posix.html#345 <posix.html#345>`_ + + `MM_PRINT`:idx: + `posix.html#353 <posix.html#353>`_ + + `MM_RECOVER`:idx: + `posix.html#346 <posix.html#346>`_ + + `MM_SOFT`:idx: + `posix.html#341 <posix.html#341>`_ + + `MM_UTIL`:idx: + `posix.html#344 <posix.html#344>`_ + + `MM_WARNING`:idx: + `posix.html#350 <posix.html#350>`_ + `mod`:idx: * `system.html#161 <system.html#161>`_ * `system.html#180 <system.html#180>`_ `module`:idx: - `manual.html#214 <manual.html#214>`_ + `manual.html#213 <manual.html#213>`_ + + `MON_1`:idx: + `posix.html#407 <posix.html#407>`_ + + `MON_10`:idx: + `posix.html#416 <posix.html#416>`_ + + `MON_11`:idx: + `posix.html#417 <posix.html#417>`_ + + `MON_12`:idx: + `posix.html#418 <posix.html#418>`_ + + `MON_2`:idx: + `posix.html#408 <posix.html#408>`_ + + `MON_3`:idx: + `posix.html#409 <posix.html#409>`_ + + `MON_4`:idx: + `posix.html#410 <posix.html#410>`_ + + `MON_5`:idx: + `posix.html#411 <posix.html#411>`_ + + `MON_6`:idx: + `posix.html#412 <posix.html#412>`_ + + `MON_7`:idx: + `posix.html#413 <posix.html#413>`_ + + `MON_8`:idx: + `posix.html#414 <posix.html#414>`_ + + `MON_9`:idx: + `posix.html#415 <posix.html#415>`_ `moveFile`:idx: `os.html#132 <os.html#132>`_ @@ -879,11 +2250,71 @@ Index `moveMem`:idx: `system.html#294 <system.html#294>`_ + `mprotect`:idx: + `posix.html#1074 <posix.html#1074>`_ + + `mq_close`:idx: + `posix.html#843 <posix.html#843>`_ + + `mq_getattr`:idx: + `posix.html#844 <posix.html#844>`_ + + `mq_notify`:idx: + `posix.html#845 <posix.html#845>`_ + + `mq_open`:idx: + `posix.html#846 <posix.html#846>`_ + + `mq_receive`:idx: + `posix.html#847 <posix.html#847>`_ + + `mq_send`:idx: + `posix.html#848 <posix.html#848>`_ + + `mq_setattr`:idx: + `posix.html#849 <posix.html#849>`_ + + `mq_timedreceive`:idx: + `posix.html#850 <posix.html#850>`_ + + `mq_timedsend`:idx: + `posix.html#851 <posix.html#851>`_ + + `mq_unlink`:idx: + `posix.html#852 <posix.html#852>`_ + + `MS_ASYNC`:idx: + `posix.html#678 <posix.html#678>`_ + + `MS_INVALIDATE`:idx: + `posix.html#680 <posix.html#680>`_ + + `MS_SYNC`:idx: + `posix.html#679 <posix.html#679>`_ + + `msync`:idx: + `posix.html#1075 <posix.html#1075>`_ + + `munlock`:idx: + `posix.html#1076 <posix.html#1076>`_ + + `munlockall`:idx: + `posix.html#1077 <posix.html#1077>`_ + + `munmap`:idx: + `posix.html#1078 <posix.html#1078>`_ + `nan`:idx: - `system.html#336 <system.html#336>`_ + `system.html#339 <system.html#339>`_ + + `nanosleep`:idx: + `posix.html#1102 <posix.html#1102>`_ `Natural`:idx: - `system.html#114 <system.html#114>`_ + `system.html#113 <system.html#113>`_ + + `neginf`:idx: + `system.html#338 <system.html#338>`_ `new`:idx: * `system.html#103 <system.html#103>`_ @@ -892,14 +2323,31 @@ Index `newline`:idx: `manual.html#121 <manual.html#121>`_ + `NewLines`:idx: + `lexbase.html#102 <lexbase.html#102>`_ + `newString`:idx: `system.html#291 <system.html#291>`_ + `newStringTable`:idx: + * `strtabs.html#104 <strtabs.html#104>`_ + * `strtabs.html#105 <strtabs.html#105>`_ + + `next`:idx: + * `parseopt.html#104 <parseopt.html#104>`_ + * `parsecfg.html#107 <parsecfg.html#107>`_ + `nextPowerOfTwo`:idx: - `math.html#101 <math.html#101>`_ + `math.html#104 <math.html#104>`_ + + `nftw`:idx: + `posix.html#824 <posix.html#824>`_ + + `nice`:idx: + `posix.html#1005 <posix.html#1005>`_ `nimcall`:idx: - `manual.html#170 <manual.html#170>`_ + `manual.html#169 <manual.html#169>`_ `NimrodMajor`:idx: `system.html#278 <system.html#278>`_ @@ -916,12 +2364,24 @@ Index `nl`:idx: `strutils.html#104 <strutils.html#104>`_ + `NL_CAT_LOCALE`:idx: + `posix.html#766 <posix.html#766>`_ + + `nl_langinfo`:idx: + `posix.html#837 <posix.html#837>`_ + + `NL_SETD`:idx: + `posix.html#765 <posix.html#765>`_ + `noconv`:idx: - `manual.html#173 <manual.html#173>`_ + `manual.html#172 <manual.html#172>`_ `no_decl`:idx: `nimrodc.html#101 <nimrodc.html#101>`_ + `NOEXPR`:idx: + `posix.html#439 <posix.html#439>`_ + `normalize`:idx: `strutils.html#111 <strutils.html#111>`_ @@ -936,23 +2396,62 @@ Index `not_in`:idx: `system.html#240 <system.html#240>`_ + `ntohl`:idx: + `posix.html#788 <posix.html#788>`_ + + `ntohs`:idx: + `posix.html#789 <posix.html#789>`_ + `Numerical constants`:idx: `manual.html#137 <manual.html#137>`_ + `O_ACCMODE`:idx: + `posix.html#319 <posix.html#319>`_ + + `O_APPEND`:idx: + `posix.html#314 <posix.html#314>`_ + `object`:idx: `manual.html#156 <manual.html#156>`_ + `O_CREAT`:idx: + `posix.html#310 <posix.html#310>`_ + + `O_DSYNC`:idx: + `posix.html#315 <posix.html#315>`_ + + `O_EXCL`:idx: + `posix.html#311 <posix.html#311>`_ + + `O_NOCTTY`:idx: + `posix.html#312 <posix.html#312>`_ + + `O_NONBLOCK`:idx: + `posix.html#316 <posix.html#316>`_ + + `open`:idx: + `posix.html#807 <posix.html#807>`_ + + `Open`:idx: + `parsecfg.html#104 <parsecfg.html#104>`_ + `openarray`:idx: `system.html#109 <system.html#109>`_ + `opendir`:idx: + `posix.html#795 <posix.html#795>`_ + `OpenFile`:idx: - `system.html#366 <system.html#366>`_ + `system.html#377 <system.html#377>`_ + + `OpenFromBuffer`:idx: + `parsecfg.html#105 <parsecfg.html#105>`_ `operator`:idx: `manual.html#139 <manual.html#139>`_ `Operators`:idx: - `manual.html#204 <manual.html#204>`_ + `manual.html#203 <manual.html#203>`_ `or`:idx: * `system.html#165 <system.html#165>`_ @@ -965,6 +2464,30 @@ Index `Ordinal types`:idx: `manual.html#142 <manual.html#142>`_ + `O_RDONLY`:idx: + `posix.html#320 <posix.html#320>`_ + + `O_RDWR`:idx: + `posix.html#321 <posix.html#321>`_ + + `O_RSYNC`:idx: + `posix.html#317 <posix.html#317>`_ + + `O_SYNC`:idx: + `posix.html#318 <posix.html#318>`_ + + `O_TRUNC`:idx: + `posix.html#313 <posix.html#313>`_ + + `O_WRONLY`:idx: + `posix.html#322 <posix.html#322>`_ + + `pairs`:idx: + `strtabs.html#110 <strtabs.html#110>`_ + + `P_ALL`:idx: + `posix.html#713 <posix.html#713>`_ + `paramCount`:idx: `os.html#142 <os.html#142>`_ @@ -977,15 +2500,81 @@ Index `parentDir`:idx: `os.html#120 <os.html#120>`_ - `ParseFloat`:idx: + `ParseBiggestInt`:idx: `strutils.html#126 <strutils.html#126>`_ + `ParseFloat`:idx: + `strutils.html#127 <strutils.html#127>`_ + `ParseInt`:idx: `strutils.html#125 <strutils.html#125>`_ + `pathconf`:idx: + `posix.html#1006 <posix.html#1006>`_ + `PathSep`:idx: `os.html#105 <os.html#105>`_ + `pause`:idx: + `posix.html#1007 <posix.html#1007>`_ + + `PC_2_SYMLINKS`:idx: + `posix.html#497 <posix.html#497>`_ + + `PC_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN`:idx: + `posix.html#498 <posix.html#498>`_ + + `PC_ASYNC_IO`:idx: + `posix.html#499 <posix.html#499>`_ + + `PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED`:idx: + `posix.html#500 <posix.html#500>`_ + + `PC_FILESIZEBITS`:idx: + `posix.html#501 <posix.html#501>`_ + + `PC_LINK_MAX`:idx: + `posix.html#502 <posix.html#502>`_ + + `PC_MAX_CANON`:idx: + `posix.html#503 <posix.html#503>`_ + + `PC_MAX_INPUT`:idx: + `posix.html#504 <posix.html#504>`_ + + `PC_NAME_MAX`:idx: + `posix.html#505 <posix.html#505>`_ + + `PC_NO_TRUNC`:idx: + `posix.html#506 <posix.html#506>`_ + + `PC_PATH_MAX`:idx: + `posix.html#507 <posix.html#507>`_ + + `PC_PIPE_BUF`:idx: + `posix.html#508 <posix.html#508>`_ + + `PC_PRIO_IO`:idx: + `posix.html#509 <posix.html#509>`_ + + `PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE`:idx: + `posix.html#510 <posix.html#510>`_ + + `PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE`:idx: + `posix.html#511 <posix.html#511>`_ + + `PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN`:idx: + `posix.html#512 <posix.html#512>`_ + + `PC_SYMLINK_MAX`:idx: + `posix.html#513 <posix.html#513>`_ + + `PC_SYNC_IO`:idx: + `posix.html#514 <posix.html#514>`_ + + `PC_VDISABLE`:idx: + `posix.html#515 <posix.html#515>`_ + 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`POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED`:idx: + `posix.html#326 <posix.html#326>`_ + + `posix_fallocate`:idx: + `posix.html#809 <posix.html#809>`_ + + `POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED`:idx: + `posix.html#688 <posix.html#688>`_ + + `posix_madvise`:idx: + `posix.html#1079 <posix.html#1079>`_ + + `POSIX_MADV_NORMAL`:idx: + `posix.html#684 <posix.html#684>`_ + + `POSIX_MADV_RANDOM`:idx: + `posix.html#686 <posix.html#686>`_ + + `POSIX_MADV_SEQUENTIAL`:idx: + `posix.html#685 <posix.html#685>`_ + + `POSIX_MADV_WILLNEED`:idx: + `posix.html#687 <posix.html#687>`_ + + `posix_mem_offset`:idx: + `posix.html#1080 <posix.html#1080>`_ + + `POSIX_PRIO_IO`:idx: + `posix.html#473 <posix.html#473>`_ + + `posix_spawn`:idx: + `posix.html#1160 <posix.html#1160>`_ + + `posix_spawnattr_destroy`:idx: + `posix.html#1166 <posix.html#1166>`_ + + `posix_spawnattr_getflags`:idx: + `posix.html#1168 <posix.html#1168>`_ + + `posix_spawnattr_getpgroup`:idx: + `posix.html#1169 <posix.html#1169>`_ + + `posix_spawnattr_getschedparam`:idx: + `posix.html#1170 <posix.html#1170>`_ + + `posix_spawnattr_getschedpolicy`:idx: + `posix.html#1171 <posix.html#1171>`_ + + `posix_spawnattr_getsigdefault`:idx: + `posix.html#1167 <posix.html#1167>`_ + + `posix_spawnattr_getsigmask`:idx: + `posix.html#1172 <posix.html#1172>`_ + + `posix_spawnattr_init`:idx: + `posix.html#1173 <posix.html#1173>`_ + + `posix_spawnattr_setflags`:idx: + `posix.html#1175 <posix.html#1175>`_ + + `posix_spawnattr_setpgroup`:idx: + `posix.html#1176 <posix.html#1176>`_ + + `posix_spawnattr_setschedparam`:idx: + `posix.html#1177 <posix.html#1177>`_ + + `posix_spawnattr_setschedpolicy`:idx: + `posix.html#1178 <posix.html#1178>`_ + + `posix_spawnattr_setsigdefault`:idx: + `posix.html#1174 <posix.html#1174>`_ + + `posix_spawnattr_setsigmask`:idx: + `posix.html#1179 <posix.html#1179>`_ + + `posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose`:idx: + `posix.html#1161 <posix.html#1161>`_ + + `posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2`:idx: + `posix.html#1162 <posix.html#1162>`_ + + 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`posix.html#1081 <posix.html#1081>`_ + + `POSIX_TYPED_MEM_MAP_ALLOCATABLE`:idx: + `posix.html#691 <posix.html#691>`_ + + `posix_typed_mem_open`:idx: + `posix.html#1082 <posix.html#1082>`_ `pow`:idx: - `math.html#121 <math.html#121>`_ + `math.html#125 <math.html#125>`_ + + `P_PGID`:idx: + `posix.html#715 <posix.html#715>`_ + + `P_PID`:idx: + `posix.html#714 <posix.html#714>`_ + + `pread`:idx: + `posix.html#1009 <posix.html#1009>`_ `pred`:idx: `system.html#142 <system.html#142>`_ `procedural type`:idx: - `manual.html#162 <manual.html#162>`_ + `manual.html#161 <manual.html#161>`_ `procedures`:idx: - `manual.html#201 <manual.html#201>`_ + `manual.html#200 <manual.html#200>`_ + + `PROT_EXEC`:idx: + `posix.html#673 <posix.html#673>`_ + + `PROT_NONE`:idx: + `posix.html#674 <posix.html#674>`_ + + `PROT_READ`:idx: + `posix.html#671 <posix.html#671>`_ + + `PROT_WRITE`:idx: + `posix.html#672 <posix.html#672>`_ + + `pselect`:idx: + `posix.html#1158 <posix.html#1158>`_ + + `PStringTable`:idx: + 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`posix.html#471 <posix.html#471>`_ + + `pthread_self`:idx: + `posix.html#946 <posix.html#946>`_ + + `pthread_setcancelstate`:idx: + `posix.html#947 <posix.html#947>`_ + + `pthread_setcanceltype`:idx: + `posix.html#948 <posix.html#948>`_ + + `pthread_setconcurrency`:idx: + `posix.html#949 <posix.html#949>`_ + + `pthread_setschedparam`:idx: + `posix.html#950 <posix.html#950>`_ + + `pthread_setschedprio`:idx: + `posix.html#951 <posix.html#951>`_ + + `pthread_setspecific`:idx: + `posix.html#952 <posix.html#952>`_ + + `pthread_sigmask`:idx: + `posix.html#1119 <posix.html#1119>`_ + + `pthread_spin_destroy`:idx: + `posix.html#953 <posix.html#953>`_ + + `pthread_spin_init`:idx: + `posix.html#954 <posix.html#954>`_ + + `pthread_spin_lock`:idx: + `posix.html#955 <posix.html#955>`_ + + `pthread_spin_trylock`:idx: + `posix.html#956 <posix.html#956>`_ + + `pthread_spin_unlock`:idx: + `posix.html#957 <posix.html#957>`_ + + `pthread_testcancel`:idx: + `posix.html#958 <posix.html#958>`_ `push/pop`:idx: - `manual.html#230 <manual.html#230>`_ + `manual.html#229 <manual.html#229>`_ `putEnv`:idx: `os.html#139 <os.html#139>`_ + `PWindow`:idx: + `dialogs.html#101 <dialogs.html#101>`_ + + `pwrite`:idx: + `posix.html#1010 <posix.html#1010>`_ + `quit`:idx: `system.html#286 <system.html#286>`_ @@ -1037,44 +3190,62 @@ Index `quotation mark`:idx: `manual.html#128 <manual.html#128>`_ + `quoteIfSpaceExists`:idx: + `strutils.html#135 <strutils.html#135>`_ + + `RADIXCHAR`:idx: + `posix.html#436 <posix.html#436>`_ + + `raise`:idx: + `posix.html#1120 <posix.html#1120>`_ + `random`:idx: - `math.html#104 <math.html#104>`_ + `math.html#106 <math.html#106>`_ `randomize`:idx: - `math.html#105 <math.html#105>`_ + `math.html#107 <math.html#107>`_ `range`:idx: `system.html#107 <system.html#107>`_ `re-raised`:idx: - `manual.html#185 <manual.html#185>`_ + `manual.html#184 <manual.html#184>`_ + + `read`:idx: + `posix.html#1011 <posix.html#1011>`_ `readBuffer`:idx: - `system.html#384 <system.html#384>`_ + `system.html#396 <system.html#396>`_ `ReadBytes`:idx: - `system.html#382 <system.html#382>`_ + `system.html#394 <system.html#394>`_ `readChar`:idx: - `system.html#369 <system.html#369>`_ + `system.html#380 <system.html#380>`_ `ReadChars`:idx: - `system.html#383 <system.html#383>`_ + `system.html#395 <system.html#395>`_ + + `readdir`:idx: + `posix.html#796 <posix.html#796>`_ + + `readdir_r`:idx: + `posix.html#797 <posix.html#797>`_ `readFile`:idx: - `system.html#371 <system.html#371>`_ + `system.html#382 <system.html#382>`_ `readLine`:idx: - `system.html#378 <system.html#378>`_ + `system.html#390 <system.html#390>`_ + + `readlink`:idx: + `posix.html#1012 <posix.html#1012>`_ `realloc`:idx: `system.html#298 <system.html#298>`_ - `record`:idx: - `manual.html#155 <manual.html#155>`_ - `Recursive module dependancies`:idx: - `manual.html#218 <manual.html#218>`_ + `manual.html#217 <manual.html#217>`_ `register`:idx: `nimrodc.html#110 <nimrodc.html#110>`_ @@ -1086,7 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`SC_LINE_MAX`:idx: + `posix.html#557 <posix.html#557>`_ + + `SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX`:idx: + `posix.html#558 <posix.html#558>`_ + + `SC_MAPPED_FILES`:idx: + `posix.html#559 <posix.html#559>`_ + + `SC_MEMLOCK`:idx: + `posix.html#560 <posix.html#560>`_ + + `SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE`:idx: + `posix.html#561 <posix.html#561>`_ + + `SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION`:idx: + `posix.html#562 <posix.html#562>`_ + + `SC_MESSAGE_PASSING`:idx: + `posix.html#563 <posix.html#563>`_ + + `SC_MONOTONIC_CLOCK`:idx: + `posix.html#564 <posix.html#564>`_ + + `SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX`:idx: + `posix.html#565 <posix.html#565>`_ + + `SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX`:idx: + `posix.html#566 <posix.html#566>`_ + + `SC_NGROUPS_MAX`:idx: + `posix.html#567 <posix.html#567>`_ + `scope`:idx: * `manual.html#106 <manual.html#106>`_ - * `manual.html#219 <manual.html#219>`_ + * `manual.html#218 <manual.html#218>`_ + + `SC_OPEN_MAX`:idx: + `posix.html#568 <posix.html#568>`_ + + `SC_PAGE_SIZE`:idx: + `posix.html#569 <posix.html#569>`_ + + `SC_PRIORITIZED_IO`:idx: + `posix.html#570 <posix.html#570>`_ + + `SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING`:idx: + `posix.html#571 <posix.html#571>`_ + + `SC_RAW_SOCKETS`:idx: + `posix.html#572 <posix.html#572>`_ + + `SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS`:idx: + `posix.html#574 <posix.html#574>`_ + + `SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS`:idx: + `posix.html#575 <posix.html#575>`_ + + `SC_RE_DUP_MAX`:idx: + `posix.html#573 <posix.html#573>`_ + + `SC_REGEXP`:idx: + `posix.html#576 <posix.html#576>`_ + + `SC_RTSIG_MAX`:idx: + `posix.html#577 <posix.html#577>`_ + + `SC_SAVED_IDS`:idx: + `posix.html#578 <posix.html#578>`_ + + `SC_SEMAPHORES`:idx: + `posix.html#581 <posix.html#581>`_ + + `SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX`:idx: + `posix.html#579 <posix.html#579>`_ + + `SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX`:idx: + `posix.html#580 <posix.html#580>`_ + + `SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS`:idx: + `posix.html#582 <posix.html#582>`_ + + `SC_SHELL`:idx: + `posix.html#583 <posix.html#583>`_ + + `SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX`:idx: + `posix.html#584 <posix.html#584>`_ + + `SC_SPAWN`:idx: + `posix.html#585 <posix.html#585>`_ + + 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<manual.html#175>`_ + `manual.html#174 <manual.html#174>`_ `sinh`:idx: - `math.html#118 <math.html#118>`_ + `math.html#122 <math.html#122>`_ + + `S_IRGRP`:idx: + `posix.html#659 <posix.html#659>`_ + + `S_IROTH`:idx: + `posix.html#663 <posix.html#663>`_ + + `S_IRUSR`:idx: + `posix.html#655 <posix.html#655>`_ + + `S_IRWXG`:idx: + `posix.html#658 <posix.html#658>`_ + + `S_IRWXO`:idx: + `posix.html#662 <posix.html#662>`_ + + `S_IRWXU`:idx: + `posix.html#654 <posix.html#654>`_ + + `S_ISBLK`:idx: + `posix.html#1060 <posix.html#1060>`_ + + `S_ISCHR`:idx: + `posix.html#1061 <posix.html#1061>`_ + + `S_ISDIR`:idx: + `posix.html#1062 <posix.html#1062>`_ + + `S_ISFIFO`:idx: + `posix.html#1063 <posix.html#1063>`_ + + `S_ISGID`:idx: + `posix.html#667 <posix.html#667>`_ + + `S_ISLNK`:idx: + `posix.html#1065 <posix.html#1065>`_ + + `S_ISREG`:idx: + `posix.html#1064 <posix.html#1064>`_ + + `S_ISSOCK`:idx: + `posix.html#1066 <posix.html#1066>`_ + + `S_ISUID`:idx: + `posix.html#666 <posix.html#666>`_ + + `S_ISVTX`:idx: + `posix.html#668 <posix.html#668>`_ + + `S_IWGRP`:idx: + `posix.html#660 <posix.html#660>`_ + + `S_IWOTH`:idx: + `posix.html#664 <posix.html#664>`_ + + `S_IWUSR`:idx: + `posix.html#656 <posix.html#656>`_ + + `S_IXGRP`:idx: + `posix.html#661 <posix.html#661>`_ + + `S_IXOTH`:idx: + `posix.html#665 <posix.html#665>`_ + + `S_IXUSR`:idx: + `posix.html#657 <posix.html#657>`_ `sizeof`:idx: `system.html#140 <system.html#140>`_ + `sleep`:idx: + `posix.html#1023 <posix.html#1023>`_ + `split`:idx: `strutils.html#117 <strutils.html#117>`_ @@ -1172,17 +4147,26 @@ Index `strutils.html#118 <strutils.html#118>`_ `sqrt`:idx: - * `math.html#106 <math.html#106>`_ + * `math.html#108 <math.html#108>`_ * `complex.html#109 <complex.html#109>`_ + `SS_DISABLE`:idx: + `posix.html#762 <posix.html#762>`_ + + `SS_ONSTACK`:idx: + `posix.html#761 <posix.html#761>`_ + `stack_trace`:idx: `nimrodc.html#106 <nimrodc.html#106>`_ `startsWith`:idx: - `strutils.html#131 <strutils.html#131>`_ + `strutils.html#132 <strutils.html#132>`_ + + `stat`:idx: + `posix.html#1058 <posix.html#1058>`_ `Statements`:idx: - `manual.html#174 <manual.html#174>`_ + `manual.html#173 <manual.html#173>`_ `static error`:idx: `manual.html#109 <manual.html#109>`_ @@ -1190,17 +4174,35 @@ Index `static type`:idx: `manual.html#103 <manual.html#103>`_ + `statvfs`:idx: + `posix.html#1049 <posix.html#1049>`_ + `stdcall`:idx: - `manual.html#165 <manual.html#165>`_ + `manual.html#164 <manual.html#164>`_ `stderr`:idx: - `system.html#365 <system.html#365>`_ + `system.html#376 <system.html#376>`_ `stdin`:idx: - `system.html#363 <system.html#363>`_ + `system.html#374 <system.html#374>`_ `stdout`:idx: - `system.html#364 <system.html#364>`_ + `system.html#375 <system.html#375>`_ + + `ST_NOSUID`:idx: + `posix.html#670 <posix.html#670>`_ + + `ST_RDONLY`:idx: + `posix.html#669 <posix.html#669>`_ + + `strerror`:idx: + `posix.html#1153 <posix.html#1153>`_ + + `strfmon`:idx: + `posix.html#842 <posix.html#842>`_ + + `strftime`:idx: + `posix.html#1103 <posix.html#1103>`_ `string`:idx: `manual.html#151 <manual.html#151>`_ @@ -1208,29 +4210,62 @@ Index `strip`:idx: `strutils.html#105 <strutils.html#105>`_ + `strptime`:idx: + `posix.html#1104 <posix.html#1104>`_ + `strStart`:idx: `strutils.html#103 <strutils.html#103>`_ `structured type`:idx: `manual.html#152 <manual.html#152>`_ + `strutils`:idx: + `nimrodc.html#113 <nimrodc.html#113>`_ + `style-insensitive`:idx: `manual.html#118 <manual.html#118>`_ + `S_TYPEISMQ`:idx: + `posix.html#1067 <posix.html#1067>`_ + + `S_TYPEISSEM`:idx: + `posix.html#1068 <posix.html#1068>`_ + + `S_TYPEISSHM`:idx: + `posix.html#1069 <posix.html#1069>`_ + + `S_TYPEISTMO`:idx: + `posix.html#1070 <posix.html#1070>`_ + `subrange`:idx: `manual.html#150 <manual.html#150>`_ `succ`:idx: `system.html#141 <system.html#141>`_ + `swab`:idx: + `posix.html#1024 <posix.html#1024>`_ + `swap`:idx: `system.html#302 <system.html#302>`_ + `swapcontext`:idx: + `posix.html#1184 <posix.html#1184>`_ + + `symlink`:idx: + `posix.html#1025 <posix.html#1025>`_ + + `sync`:idx: + `posix.html#1026 <posix.html#1026>`_ + `syscall`:idx: - `manual.html#172 <manual.html#172>`_ + `manual.html#171 <manual.html#171>`_ + + `sysconf`:idx: + `posix.html#1027 <posix.html#1027>`_ `system`:idx: - `manual.html#220 <manual.html#220>`_ + `manual.html#219 <manual.html#219>`_ `tabulator`:idx: `manual.html#125 <manual.html#125>`_ @@ -1238,42 +4273,204 @@ Index `TAddress`:idx: `system.html#255 <system.html#255>`_ + `Taiocb`:idx: + `posix.html#127 <posix.html#127>`_ + `tan`:idx: - `math.html#119 <math.html#119>`_ + `math.html#123 <math.html#123>`_ `tanh`:idx: - `math.html#120 <math.html#120>`_ + `math.html#124 <math.html#124>`_ + + `TBaseLexer`:idx: + `lexbase.html#103 <lexbase.html#103>`_ + + `Tblkcnt`:idx: + `posix.html#141 <posix.html#141>`_ + + `Tblksize`:idx: + `posix.html#142 <posix.html#142>`_ + + `TCfgEvent`:idx: + `parsecfg.html#102 <parsecfg.html#102>`_ + + `TCfgEventKind`:idx: + `parsecfg.html#101 <parsecfg.html#101>`_ + + `TCfgParser`:idx: + `parsecfg.html#103 <parsecfg.html#103>`_ + + `tcgetpgrp`:idx: + `posix.html#1028 <posix.html#1028>`_ `TCharSet`:idx: `strutils.html#101 <strutils.html#101>`_ + `TClock`:idx: + `posix.html#143 <posix.html#143>`_ + + `TClockId`:idx: + `posix.html#144 <posix.html#144>`_ + + `TCmdLineKind`:idx: + `parseopt.html#101 <parseopt.html#101>`_ + `TComplex`:idx: `complex.html#101 <complex.html#101>`_ + `tcsetpgrp`:idx: + `posix.html#1029 <posix.html#1029>`_ + + `TDev`:idx: + `posix.html#145 <posix.html#145>`_ + + `TDIR`:idx: + `posix.html#128 <posix.html#128>`_ + + `Tdirent`:idx: + `posix.html#129 <posix.html#129>`_ + + `telldir`:idx: + `posix.html#800 <posix.html#800>`_ + `template`:idx: - `manual.html#211 <manual.html#211>`_ + `manual.html#210 <manual.html#210>`_ `TEndian`:idx: `system.html#268 <system.html#268>`_ + `Tfd_set`:idx: + `posix.html#199 <posix.html#199>`_ + + `Tfenv`:idx: + `posix.html#131 <posix.html#131>`_ + + `Tfexcept`:idx: + `posix.html#132 <posix.html#132>`_ + `TFile`:idx: - `system.html#361 <system.html#361>`_ + `system.html#372 <system.html#372>`_ `TFileMode`:idx: - `system.html#362 <system.html#362>`_ + `system.html#373 <system.html#373>`_ `TFloatClass`:idx: - `math.html#122 <math.html#122>`_ + `math.html#101 <math.html#101>`_ + + `Tflock`:idx: + `posix.html#130 <posix.html#130>`_ + + `T_FMT`:idx: + `posix.html#389 <posix.html#389>`_ + + `T_FMT_AMPM`:idx: + `posix.html#390 <posix.html#390>`_ + + `TFormatFlag`:idx: + `strtabs.html#111 <strtabs.html#111>`_ + + `Tfsblkcnt`:idx: + `posix.html#146 <posix.html#146>`_ + + `Tfsfilcnt`:idx: + `posix.html#147 <posix.html#147>`_ + + `TFTW`:idx: + `posix.html#133 <posix.html#133>`_ `TGC_Strategy`:idx: - `system.html#357 <system.html#357>`_ + `system.html#367 <system.html#367>`_ + + `TGid`:idx: + `posix.html#148 <posix.html#148>`_ + + `TGlob`:idx: + `posix.html#134 <posix.html#134>`_ + + `TGroup`:idx: + `posix.html#135 <posix.html#135>`_ + + `THash`:idx: + `hashes.html#101 <hashes.html#101>`_ + + `THOUSEP`:idx: + `posix.html#437 <posix.html#437>`_ + + `Ticonv`:idx: + `posix.html#136 <posix.html#136>`_ + + `Tid`:idx: + `posix.html#149 <posix.html#149>`_ + + `time`:idx: + `posix.html#1105 <posix.html#1105>`_ `TimeInfoToTime`:idx: `times.html#108 <times.html#108>`_ + `TIMER_ABSTIME`:idx: + `posix.html#696 <posix.html#696>`_ + + `timer_create`:idx: + `posix.html#1106 <posix.html#1106>`_ + + `timer_delete`:idx: + `posix.html#1107 <posix.html#1107>`_ + + `timer_getoverrun`:idx: + `posix.html#1109 <posix.html#1109>`_ + + `timer_gettime`:idx: + `posix.html#1108 <posix.html#1108>`_ + + `timer_settime`:idx: + `posix.html#1110 <posix.html#1110>`_ + + `times`:idx: + `nimrodc.html#115 <nimrodc.html#115>`_ + + `timezone`:idx: + `posix.html#699 <posix.html#699>`_ + + `Tino`:idx: + `posix.html#150 <posix.html#150>`_ + + `Tipc_perm`:idx: + `posix.html#180 <posix.html#180>`_ + + `titimerspec`:idx: + `posix.html#186 <posix.html#186>`_ + + `TKey`:idx: + `posix.html#151 <posix.html#151>`_ + + `Tlconv`:idx: + `posix.html#137 <posix.html#137>`_ + + `Tmcontext`:idx: + `posix.html#202 <posix.html#202>`_ + + `TMode`:idx: + `posix.html#152 <posix.html#152>`_ + `TMonth`:idx: `times.html#101 <times.html#101>`_ + `TMqAttr`:idx: + `posix.html#139 <posix.html#139>`_ + + `TMqd`:idx: + `posix.html#138 <posix.html#138>`_ + + `Tnl_catd`:idx: + `posix.html#196 <posix.html#196>`_ + + `TNlink`:idx: + `posix.html#153 <posix.html#153>`_ + + `Tnl_item`:idx: + `posix.html#195 <posix.html#195>`_ + `toBiggestFloat`:idx: `system.html#283 <system.html#283>`_ @@ -1281,10 +4478,13 @@ Index `system.html#285 <system.html#285>`_ `toBin`:idx: - `strutils.html#135 <strutils.html#135>`_ + `strutils.html#137 <strutils.html#137>`_ `TObject`:idx: - `system.html#116 <system.html#116>`_ + `system.html#115 <system.html#115>`_ + + `TOff`:idx: + `posix.html#154 <posix.html#154>`_ `toFloat`:idx: `system.html#282 <system.html#282>`_ @@ -1300,35 +4500,143 @@ Index * 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`Tposix_typed_mem_info`:idx: + `posix.html#183 <posix.html#183>`_ + + `Tpthread`:idx: + `posix.html#168 <posix.html#168>`_ + + `Tpthread_attr`:idx: + `posix.html#156 <posix.html#156>`_ + + `Tpthread_barrier`:idx: + `posix.html#157 <posix.html#157>`_ + + `Tpthread_barrierattr`:idx: + `posix.html#158 <posix.html#158>`_ + + `Tpthread_cond`:idx: + `posix.html#159 <posix.html#159>`_ + + `Tpthread_condattr`:idx: + `posix.html#160 <posix.html#160>`_ + + `Tpthread_key`:idx: + `posix.html#161 <posix.html#161>`_ + + `Tpthread_mutex`:idx: + `posix.html#162 <posix.html#162>`_ + + `Tpthread_mutexattr`:idx: + `posix.html#163 <posix.html#163>`_ + + `Tpthread_once`:idx: + `posix.html#164 <posix.html#164>`_ + + `Tpthread_rwlock`:idx: + `posix.html#165 <posix.html#165>`_ + + `Tpthread_rwlockattr`:idx: + `posix.html#166 <posix.html#166>`_ + + `Tpthread_spinlock`:idx: + `posix.html#167 <posix.html#167>`_ + `traced`:idx: - `manual.html#160 <manual.html#160>`_ + `manual.html#159 <manual.html#159>`_ `TResult`:idx: `system.html#139 <system.html#139>`_ + `truncate`:idx: + `posix.html#1030 <posix.html#1030>`_ + `try`:idx: - `manual.html#187 <manual.html#187>`_ + `manual.html#186 <manual.html#186>`_ + + `Tsched_param`:idx: + `posix.html#197 <posix.html#197>`_ + + `TSem`:idx: + `posix.html#179 <posix.html#179>`_ + + `TSigaction`:idx: + `posix.html#191 <posix.html#191>`_ + + `Tsig_atomic`:idx: + `posix.html#187 <posix.html#187>`_ + + `TsigEvent`:idx: + `posix.html#189 <posix.html#189>`_ + + `TsigInfo`:idx: + `posix.html#194 <posix.html#194>`_ + + `Tsigset`:idx: + `posix.html#188 <posix.html#188>`_ + + `TSigStack`:idx: + `posix.html#193 <posix.html#193>`_ + + `TsigVal`:idx: + `posix.html#190 <posix.html#190>`_ + + `TStack`:idx: + `posix.html#192 <posix.html#192>`_ + + `TStat`:idx: + `posix.html#181 <posix.html#181>`_ + + `TStatvfs`:idx: + `posix.html#182 <posix.html#182>`_ + + `TStringTable`:idx: + `strtabs.html#102 <strtabs.html#102>`_ + + `TStringTableMode`:idx: + `strtabs.html#101 <strtabs.html#101>`_ + + `Tsuseconds`:idx: + `posix.html#169 <posix.html#169>`_ + + `Ttime`:idx: + `posix.html#170 <posix.html#170>`_ `TTime`:idx: `times.html#103 <times.html#103>`_ @@ -1336,8 +4644,50 @@ Index `TTimeInfo`:idx: `times.html#104 <times.html#104>`_ + `Ttimer`:idx: + `posix.html#171 <posix.html#171>`_ + + `Ttimespec`:idx: + `posix.html#185 <posix.html#185>`_ + + `Ttimeval`:idx: + `posix.html#198 <posix.html#198>`_ + + `Ttm`:idx: + `posix.html#184 <posix.html#184>`_ + + `Ttrace_attr`:idx: + `posix.html#172 <posix.html#172>`_ + + `Ttrace_event_id`:idx: + `posix.html#173 <posix.html#173>`_ + + `Ttrace_event_set`:idx: + `posix.html#174 <posix.html#174>`_ + + `Ttrace_id`:idx: + `posix.html#175 <posix.html#175>`_ + + `ttyname`:idx: + `posix.html#1031 <posix.html#1031>`_ + + `ttyname_r`:idx: + `posix.html#1032 <posix.html#1032>`_ + + `Tucontext`:idx: + `posix.html#203 <posix.html#203>`_ + + `Tuid`:idx: + `posix.html#176 <posix.html#176>`_ + `tuple`:idx: - `system.html#112 <system.html#112>`_ + `manual.html#155 <manual.html#155>`_ + + `Tuseconds`:idx: + `posix.html#177 <posix.html#177>`_ + + `Tutsname`:idx: + `posix.html#178 <posix.html#178>`_ `TWeekDay`:idx: `times.html#102 <times.html#102>`_ @@ -1345,23 +4695,38 @@ Index `type`:idx: * `manual.html#102 <manual.html#102>`_ * `manual.html#141 <manual.html#141>`_ - * `manual.html#208 <manual.html#208>`_ + * `manual.html#207 <manual.html#207>`_ `type parameters`:idx: - `manual.html#210 <manual.html#210>`_ + `manual.html#209 <manual.html#209>`_ `type suffix`:idx: `manual.html#138 <manual.html#138>`_ + `tzset`:idx: + `posix.html#1111 <posix.html#1111>`_ + + `ualarm`:idx: + `posix.html#1033 <posix.html#1033>`_ + + `umask`:idx: + `posix.html#1059 <posix.html#1059>`_ + + `uname`:idx: + `posix.html#859 <posix.html#859>`_ + `unchecked runtime error`:idx: `manual.html#111 <manual.html#111>`_ `undef`:idx: - `manual.html#225 <manual.html#225>`_ + `manual.html#224 <manual.html#224>`_ `UnixToNativePath`:idx: `os.html#122 <os.html#122>`_ + `unlink`:idx: + `posix.html#1034 <posix.html#1034>`_ + `unsigned integer`:idx: `manual.html#143 <manual.html#143>`_ @@ -1369,10 +4734,13 @@ Index `manual.html#144 <manual.html#144>`_ `untraced`:idx: - `manual.html#161 <manual.html#161>`_ + `manual.html#160 <manual.html#160>`_ + + `usleep`:idx: + `posix.html#1035 <posix.html#1035>`_ `Var`:idx: - `manual.html#179 <manual.html#179>`_ + `manual.html#178 <manual.html#178>`_ `varargs`:idx: `nimrodc.html#102 <nimrodc.html#102>`_ @@ -1380,60 +4748,126 @@ Index `vertical tabulator`:idx: `manual.html#126 <manual.html#126>`_ + `vfork`:idx: + `posix.html#1036 <posix.html#1036>`_ + `volatile`:idx: `nimrodc.html#109 <nimrodc.html#109>`_ + `wait`:idx: + `posix.html#1112 <posix.html#1112>`_ + + `waitid`:idx: + `posix.html#1113 <posix.html#1113>`_ + + `waitpid`:idx: + `posix.html#1114 <posix.html#1114>`_ + `walkFiles`:idx: `os.html#146 <os.html#146>`_ `warning`:idx: - * `manual.html#222 <manual.html#222>`_ - * `manual.html#228 <manual.html#228>`_ + * `manual.html#221 <manual.html#221>`_ + * `manual.html#227 <manual.html#227>`_ + * `dialogs.html#103 <dialogs.html#103>`_ + + `WCONTINUED`:idx: + `posix.html#711 <posix.html#711>`_ + + `WEXITED`:idx: + `posix.html#709 <posix.html#709>`_ + + `WEXITSTATUS`:idx: + `posix.html#702 <posix.html#702>`_ `when`:idx: - `manual.html#183 <manual.html#183>`_ + `manual.html#182 <manual.html#182>`_ `while`:idx: - `manual.html#196 <manual.html#196>`_ + `manual.html#195 <manual.html#195>`_ `Whitespace`:idx: `strutils.html#102 <strutils.html#102>`_ + `WIFCONTINUED`:idx: + `posix.html#703 <posix.html#703>`_ + + `WIFEXITED`:idx: + `posix.html#704 <posix.html#704>`_ + + `WIFSIGNALED`:idx: + `posix.html#705 <posix.html#705>`_ + + `WIFSTOPPED`:idx: + `posix.html#706 <posix.html#706>`_ + + `WNOHANG`:idx: + `posix.html#700 <posix.html#700>`_ + + `WNOWAIT`:idx: + `posix.html#712 <posix.html#712>`_ + + `W_OK`:idx: + `posix.html#477 <posix.html#477>`_ + `write`:idx: - * `system.html#372 <system.html#372>`_ - * `system.html#373 <system.html#373>`_ - * `system.html#374 <system.html#374>`_ - * `system.html#375 <system.html#375>`_ - * `system.html#376 <system.html#376>`_ - * `system.html#377 <system.html#377>`_ + * `system.html#383 <system.html#383>`_ + * `system.html#384 <system.html#384>`_ + * `system.html#385 <system.html#385>`_ + * `system.html#386 <system.html#386>`_ + * `system.html#387 <system.html#387>`_ + * `system.html#388 <system.html#388>`_ + * `system.html#389 <system.html#389>`_ + * `posix.html#1037 <posix.html#1037>`_ `writeBuffer`:idx: - `system.html#387 <system.html#387>`_ + `system.html#399 <system.html#399>`_ `writeBytes`:idx: - `system.html#385 <system.html#385>`_ + `system.html#397 <system.html#397>`_ `writeChars`:idx: - `system.html#386 <system.html#386>`_ + `system.html#398 <system.html#398>`_ `writeln`:idx: - `system.html#379 <system.html#379>`_ + * `system.html#391 <system.html#391>`_ + * `system.html#392 <system.html#392>`_ + + `WSTOPPED`:idx: + `posix.html#710 <posix.html#710>`_ + + `WSTOPSIG`:idx: + `posix.html#707 <posix.html#707>`_ + + `WTERMSIG`:idx: + `posix.html#708 <posix.html#708>`_ + + `WUNTRACED`:idx: + `posix.html#701 <posix.html#701>`_ + + `X_OK`:idx: + `posix.html#478 <posix.html#478>`_ `xor`:idx: * `system.html#166 <system.html#166>`_ * `system.html#185 <system.html#185>`_ * `system.html#206 <system.html#206>`_ + `YESEXPR`:idx: + `posix.html#438 <posix.html#438>`_ + `yield`:idx: - `manual.html#193 <manual.html#193>`_ + `manual.html#192 <manual.html#192>`_ `ze`:idx: * `system.html#303 <system.html#303>`_ * `system.html#304 <system.html#304>`_ - * `system.html#306 <system.html#306>`_ `ze64`:idx: - `system.html#305 <system.html#305>`_ + * `system.html#305 <system.html#305>`_ + * `system.html#306 <system.html#306>`_ + * `system.html#307 <system.html#307>`_ + * `system.html#308 <system.html#308>`_ `zeroMem`:idx: `system.html#292 <system.html#292>`_ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/doc/tutorial.txt b/doc/tutorial.txt index f37b116c4..795fc0d90 100644 --- a/doc/tutorial.txt +++ b/doc/tutorial.txt @@ -85,13 +85,13 @@ We start the tour with a modified "hallo world" program: Save this code to the file "greeting.nim". Now compile and run it:: - nimrod run greeting.nim + nimrod compile --run greeting.nim -As you see, with the ``run`` command Nimrod executes the file automatically +As you see, with the ``--run`` switch Nimrod executes the file automatically after compilation. You can even give your program command line arguments by appending them after the filename that is to be compiled and run:: - nimrod run greeting.nim arg1 arg2 + nimrod compile --run greeting.nim arg1 arg2 Though it should be pretty obvious what the program does, I will explain the syntax: Statements which are not indented are executed when the program @@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ An example showing the most common statement types: .. code-block:: Nimrod type - TMyRecord = record + TMyRecord = object x, y: int |